Objective To report 4 methods of reconstructing soft tissue defects in oral and maxillofacial regions after tumors resection using cervical pedicle tissue flaps. Methods One hundred seventy-two soft tissue defects were repaired with cervical myocutaneous flaps after resection of oral and facial cancer( 165 cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 7 cases of salivary carcinoma). The clinical stage of the tumors was stage Ⅰ in 21 cases, stage Ⅱ in 116 cases and stage Ⅲin 35 cases. Primary sites of the lesions were the tongue (59 cases), buccal mucosa (55 cases), lower gingiva (26 cases), floor of the mouth (25 cases), parotid gland (4 cases) and oropharynx (3 cases). Infrahyoid myocutaneous flaps were used in 60 cases, platysma flaps in 45 cases, sternocleidomastoid flaps in 59 cases and submental island flaps in 8 cases. The sizes of skin paddle ranged from 2.5 cm×5.0 cm to 5.0 cm ×8.0 cm. Results Among 153 survival flaps, there were55 infrahyoid myocutaneous flaps, 40 platysma flaps, 52 sternocleidomastoid flaps and 6 submental island flaps. There were 11 cases of total flap necrosis and8 cases of partial flap necrosis. The success rates were 91.67%(55/60) for infrahyoid myocutaneous flap, 88.89%(40/45) for platysma flap, 88.14% (52/59) for sternocleidomastoid flap and 75%(6/8) for submental island flap. After a follow-up of 3 11 years(5.7 years on average) among 101 cases local reccurence in 18 cases, cervical reccurence in 4 cases, distance metastasis in 2 cases. The survical rate at 3 years were 83.17%(84/101). Conclusion Cervical pedicle tissue flaps haveclinical value in reconstruction of small and medium-sized soft tissue defects after resection of oral and maxillofacial tumors.
Objective To study the surgical treatment of tracheal and main bronchial tumors. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 30 patients with tracheal and main bronchial tumors treated in Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from January 2000 to December 2015. There were 12 males and 18 females with the age ranging from 22 to 80 years. Results Ten patients were treated with enucleation, 12 patients tracheal tumor resection and end-to-end anastomosis, 1 patient window resection, 1 patient wedge resection, 5 patients tumor resection and tracheal reconstruction by using pulmonary tissue flap with alloy stent and 1 patient left pneumonectomy. One patient died of sudden massive hemoptysis 26 d after operation. Intraoperative complications were found in 2 patients. Others had a good recovery after operation. Patients were followed up for 11 months to 14 years. Eight patients were followed up less than 5 years postoperatively, one patient died of sudden massive hemoptysis 14 months after operation, while others survived; 21 patients were followed up more than 5 years and 5 patients were lost to follow-up. Conclusion Surgical resection is recommended for tracheal and main bronchial tumors. Patients with small benign tumor may choose local tracheal resection; tracheal segmental resection and end-to-end anastomosis is the most common surgical treatment. Patients with more than half of the whole length of tracheal defects or in the risk of anastomotic ischemic necrosis may be suggested to receive tracheal reconstruction.
OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical result of treating firearm-wound with the vessel pedicel tissue flap. METHODS: From May 1992 to October 2000, 21 cases of firearm-wound of upper limbs underwent transplantation with the vessel pedicel tissue flap. Of them, the locations of the wound were upper arm in 11 cases, forearm in 7 cases, hand in 3 cases. The size of wound was 1.0 cm x 0.5 cm to 8.0 cm x 6.5 cm; the wound course was 3 minutes to 8 hours with an average of 3 hours and 30 minutes. The patients were followed up 3 months to 2 years. RESULTS: In 21 cases, the results were excellent in 19 cases and poor in 2 cases. The good rate was 90.5%. CONCLUSION: Treatment of firearm-wound with vessel pedicel tissue flap has the good effect.
Objective To evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of vascularized free peroneal composite flaps for reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial defects. Methods From November 1999 to December 2002, 28 cases of oral maxillofacial defects were reconstructed with vascularized free peroneal composite flaps, with fibulacutaneous flap in 21 cases and with fibulamyocutaneous flap in 7 cases. Three cases received insertion of dental implants into the fibula flap. The flap size was 3.0 cm×5.5 cm to 8.0 cm ×12.0 cm; the fibula length was 5.5 cm to 16.0 cm. Results Of the 28 flaps reconstructed, 24 survived,3 necrosed partially and 1 necrosed completely. All the 5 implants survived andachieved good bone integration in 3 cases. Twenty-six cases were followed up 1-36 months with an average of 18.5 months, the facial appearance and the vocal function were satisfactory in 23 cases. Conclusion Vascularized peroneal flap has many advantages and is one of the optimal flaps for reconstruction of oral maxillofacial defects.
Objective To investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of fascial tissue flaps and skin flaps with layered sutures for repairing wounds after excision of sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus. Methods Between March 2019 and August 2022, 9 patients with sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus were admitted, including 7 males and 2 females with an average age of 29.4 years (range, 17-53 years). The disease duration ranged from 1 to 36 months, with a median of 6 months. There were 7 cases with obesity and dense hair, 3 cases with infection, and 2 cases with positive bacterial culture of sinus secretion. The wound area after excision ranged from 3 cm×3 cm to 8 cm×4 cm, with a depth of 3-5 cm, reaching the perianal or caudal bone; there were 2 cases with perianal abscess formation and 1 case with caudal bone inflammatory edema. Enlarged resection was performed during operation, and the fascial tissue flap and skin flap were designed and excised at both left and right sides of the buttock, ranging from 3.0 cm×1.5 cm to 8.0 cm×2.0 cm. A cross drainage tube was placed at the bottom of the wound, and the fascial tissue flap and skin flap were advanced and sutured in three layers, namely, 8-string sutures in the fascial layer, barbed wire reduction sutures in the dermis, and interrupted skin sutures. Results All 9 patients were followed up 3-36 months, with an average of 12 months. All incisions healed by first intention, and no complication such as incisional dehiscence or infection in the operative area occurred. There was no recurrence of sinus tracts, the shape of gluteal sulcus was satisfactory, both sides of buttocks were symmetrical, local incision scar was concealed, and the shape disruption was minimal. ConclusionFascial tissue flaps and skin flaps with layered sutures for repairing wounds after excision of sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus can effectively fill the cavity and reduce the incidence of poor incision healing, with the advantages of small trauma and simple operation.
ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of modified induced membrane technique and pedicled skin (myocutaneous) flap for chronic tibial osteomyelitis in patients with diabetes. Methods A clinical data of 22 diabetic patients with chronic tibial osteomyelitis between January 2017 and March 2019 was retrospectively analyzed. There were 15 males and 7 females with an average age of 52 years (range, 44-65 years). The course of diabetes was 3-12 years (mean, 6.1 years). The course of chronic osteomyelitis was 4 months to 7 years (mean, 3.3 years). The chronic osteomyelitis was rated as type Ⅲ in 9 cases and as type Ⅳ in 13 cases according to the Cierny-Mader classification criteria. Bacterial culture showed 21 cases of single bacterial infection and 1 case of mixed bacterial infection. Preoperative color Doppler ultrasound and CT angiography confirmed that the anterior and posterior tibial arteries were unobstructed. In the first stage of treatment, the bone and soft tissue defects were filled with antibiotic bone cement after the lesion was thoroughly debrided; the length of bone defect was 4-9 cm (mean, 5.6 cm), and the size of soft tissue defect was 5 cm×2 cm to 10 cm×7 cm. After 7-10 days, the bone cement was removed and a new antibiotic bone cement was filled into the bone defect. Meanwhile, the pedicled skin (myocutaneous) flap was performed to repair the wound. After 7-12 weeks, the inflammatory indexes returned to normal, autogenous iliac bone or combined with artificial bone was used to repair the bone defect in the second stage of treatment. The wound healing, bone defect healing, complications, and the number of successful treatments were recorded. The satisfaction of the skin flap efficacy and the function of the affected limb were evaluated. ResultsLocal necrosis of the skin flap occurred in 3 cases after operation, leading to delayed healing of the wound; the other 19 flaps survived successfully, leading to primary healing of the wound. The skin grafts survived completely and the incisions healed by first intention. All cases were followed up 13-28 months with an average of 20 months. The infection recurred in 2 cases within 12 months after operation, and the bone defects healed after treated by modified induced membrane technique. The bone defect healing rate was 100%; the bone healing time was 6-10 months, with an average of 8.9 months; the infection control rate and successful treatment rate were 90.9% (20/22) and 90.9% (20/22), respectively. At 12 months after operation, according to the satisfaction evaluation standard of skin flap efficacy formulated by ZHANG Hao et al., all were satisfied. According to Johner-Wruhs adjacent joint function method, the limb function recovery was excellent in 13 cases, good in 7 cases, and fair in 2 cases, with an excellent and good rate of 90.9%. ConclusionFor the treatment of chronic tibial osteomyelitis in patients with diabetes without vascular occlusion, the modified induced membrane technique and pedicled skin (myocutaneous) flap can repair bone and soft tissue defects, and control the infection at the same time, the short- and medium-term effectiveness are good.
ObjectiveTo review and summarize the research progress on repairing segmental bone defects using three-dimensional (3D)-printed bone scaffolds combined with vascularized tissue flaps in recent years. MethodsRelevant literature was reviewed to summarize the application of 3D printing technology in artificial bone scaffolds made from different biomaterials, as well as methods for repairing segmental bone defects by combining these scaffolds with various vascularized tissue flaps. Results The combination of 3D-printed artificial bone scaffolds with different vascularized tissue flaps has provided new strategies for repairing segmental bone defects. 3D-printed artificial bone scaffolds include 3D-printed polymer scaffolds, bio-ceramic scaffolds, and metal scaffolds. When these scaffolds of different materials are combined with vascularized tissue flaps (e.g., omental flaps, fascial flaps, periosteal flaps, muscular flaps, and bone flaps), they provide blood supply to the inorganic artificial bone scaffolds. After implantation into the defect site, the scaffolds not only achieve structural filling and mechanical support for the bone defect area, but also promote osteogenesis and vascular regeneration. Additionally, the mechanical properties, porous structure, and biocompatibility of the 3D-printed scaffold materials are key factors influencing their osteogenic efficiency. Furthermore, loading the scaffolds with active components such as osteogenic cells and growth factors can synergistically enhance bone defect healing and vascularization processes. ConclusionThe repair of segmental bone defects using 3D-printed artificial bone scaffolds combined with vascularized tissue flap transplantation integrates material science technologies with surgical therapeutic approaches, which will significantly improve the clinical treatment outcomes of segmental bone defect repair.
ObjectiveTo explore a new improved technique and its effectiveness to repair dorsal thumb composite tissue defects including interphalangeal joint by transplantation of modified hallux toe-nail composite tissue flap. MethodsThe hallux toe-nail composite tissue flap carrying distal half hallux proximal phalanx, extensor hallucis longus, and interphalangeal joint capsule were designed and applied to repair the dorsal skin, nails, and interphalangeal joint defect of thumb in 14 cases between January 2007 and June 2013. They were all males, aged from 19 to 52 years (mean, 30 years). The time from injury to hospital was 0.5-2.0 hours (mean, 1.2 hours). The area of the thumb nail and dorsal skin defects ranged from 2.5 cm×1.5 cm to 5.0 cm×2.5 cm. The dorsal interphalangeal joint had different degrees of bone defect, with residual bone and joint capsule at the palm side. The length of bone defect ranged from 2.5 to 4.0 cm (mean, 3.4 cm). The hallux nail flap size ranged from 3.0 cm×2.0 cm to 6.0 cm×3.0 cm. The donor sites were repaired by skin grafting in 5 cases, and retrograde second dorsal metatarsal artery island flap in 9 cases. ResultsAfter operation, arterial crisis occurred in 1 case and the flap survived after relieving pressure; the other flaps survived, and wounds healed by first intention. Liquefaction necrosis of the skin grafting at donor site occurred in 3 cases, and the other skin grafting and all retrograde second dorsal metatarsal artery island flaps survived. The follow-up ranged from 9 months to 3 years and 6 months (mean, 23 months). The secondary plastic operation was performed in 4 cases at 6 months after operation because of slightly bulky composite tissue flaps. The other composite tissue flaps had good appearance, color, and texture. The growth of the nail was good in 12 cases, and slightly thickened in 2 cases. At last follow-up, X-ray examination showed that bone graft and proximal phalanx of the thumb had good bone healing in 12 cases. Good bone healing was obtained at the donor site. According to the Hand Surgical Branch of Chinese Medical Association standard for thumb and finger reconstruction function, the results were excellent in 12 cases and good in 2 cases, and the excellent and good rate was 100%. No pain at donor site was observed, with normal gait. ConclusionTransplantation of modified hallux toe-nail composite tissue flap to repair dorsal thumb composite tissue defects including interphalangeal joint can effectively improve the appearance and function of the impaired thumb.
Objective To explore the clinical application of tissue flap in repairing the residual cavity formed by breast conserving surgery. Methods Retrospective analysis for clinical data of 120 early breast cancer patients who received breast conserving surgery in our hospital from January 2013 to December 2016 was performed. Among them, 60 cases (observation group) were implemented tissue flap repairing operation while the other 60 cases (control group) were operated by using the traditional surgery method. The clinical data of the two groups were compared analytically in four aspects: postoperative complications, postoperative breast beauty, subjective satisfaction of patients, and postoperative recurrence and metastasis. Results ① Postoperative complications: 3 cases of complications occurred in the control groupand 2 cases in the observation group, and there was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the 2 groups (χ2=0.209, P=0.648). ② Postoperative breast beauty: in the control group, there were 23 excellent cases, 16 good cases, 12 common cases, and 9 poor cases; in the observation group, there were 51 excellent cases, 5 good cases, 3 common cases, and 1 poor cases. The difference of postoperative breast beauty between the 2 groups was statistically significant (Z=–5.234, P<0.001). ③ Subjective satisfaction of patients: in the control group, 28 cases very satisfied, 18 cases satisfied, 12 cases generally satisfied, and 2 cases dissatisfied; in the observation group, 40 cases satisfied, 18 cases very satisfied, and 2 cases generally satisfied. The subjective satisfaction of the patients in the observation group was better than that of the control group (Z=–4.381, P<0.001). ④ Postoperative follow-up: no recurrence and death occurred in both of 2 groups, but 2 cases occurred metastasis in the control group and 1 case in the observation group. The contrast difference in the incidence of metastasis was not statistically significant (χ2=0.342, P=0.559). Conclusion During breast conserving surgery, the use of surrounding tissue flap to repair residual cavity, compared with traditional breast conserving surgery without tissue flap repairment, does not increase postoperative complications, recurrence, and metastasis, and it has good cosmetic effect after breast surgery, as well as the patients’ subjective satisfaction is good.
ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of combined tissue transplantation for repair of serially damaged injuries on radial side of hand and function reconstruction. MethodsBetween May 2013 and May 2017, 34 cases of serially damaged injuries on radial side of hand were treated. There were 29 males and 5 females; aged 17-54 years, with an average of 32.1 years. There were 23 cases of crushing injuries, 5 cases of bruising injuries, 4 cases of machine strangulation injuries, and 2 cases of explosion injuries. The time from injury to admission was 40 minutes to 3 days, with an average of 10 hours. According to the self-determined serially damaged injuries classification standard, there were 1 case of typeⅠa, 2 cases of typeⅠb, 10 cases of typeⅡa, 5 cases of type Ⅱb, 3 cases of type Ⅱc, 1 case of type Ⅱd, 7 cases of type Ⅲa, 3 cases of type Ⅲb, 1 case of type Ⅲc, and 1 case of type Ⅲd. According to the classification results, the discarded finger, nail flap, the second toe, anterolateral thigh flap, ilium flap, fibula flap, and other tissue flaps were selected to repair hand wounds and reconstruct thumb, metacarpal bones, and fingers. ResultsAfter operation, 2 cases of flaps developed vascular crisis and survived after symptomatic treatment; the other transplanted tissue survived smoothly. All cases were followed up 1 to 7 years, with an average of 2.4 years. The average fracture healing time was 7.4 weeks (range, 5.3-9.0 weeks). At last follow-up, the reconstructed fingers and the grafted flaps recovered good sensory function, with a two-point discrimination of 5 to 11 mm (mean, 9 mm). According to the evaluation standard of the upper limb function evaluation of the Chinese Medical Association Hand Surgery Society, the reconstructed thumb was rated as excellent in 24 thumbs, good in 8 thumbs, and fair in 2 thumbs; the reconstructed finger was rated as excellent in 18 fingers, good in 2 fingers, and fair in 1 finger. ConclusionFor the serially damaged injuries on radial side of hand, according to its classification, different tissues are selected for combined transplantation repair and functional reconstruction, which can restore hand function to the greatest extent and improve the quality of life of patients.