Amanitin-containing mushroom poisoning is one of the most harmful and lethal types of mushroom poisoning events. Its basic medical and clinical medical knowledge has not been fully understood and mastered, so the basic and clinical diagnosis and treatment of amanitin-containing mushroom poisoning has always been a hot research field of acute mushroom poisoning. This article focuses on the new progress in the epidemiology, toxicological properties, poisoning mechanism, clinical diagnosis and treatment of amanitin-containing mushroom poisoning, in order to provide the basis for further study, diagnosis and treatment of amanitin-containing mushroom poisoning for basic researchers and clinical medical staff.
ObjectiveTo summarize the possible roles and relevant mechanisms of solute carrier family 3 member A2 (SLC3A2) gene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and explore its clinical application prospects and value in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients with HCC. MethodThe literature on reseaches of the SLC3A2 gene and its association with HCC both domestically and internationally in recent years was reviewed and summarized. ResultsNotably, the SLC3A2 exhibited obviously elevated expression in the HCC tissue as compared with the normal liver tissue. It mainly affected the disease progression of HCC by regulating the intracellular and extracellular amino acids transport, inhibiting the ferroptosis of cells, activating the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex signaling pathways and integrin signaling pathway, and played an important role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients with HCC. ConclusionFrom the results of literature review collected, SLC3A2 might be closely associated with the migration, invasion, proliferation, and apoptosis of HCC cell, and it is expected to serve as an indicator for evaluating survival and prognosis of patients with HCC, and become one of the effective treatment targets for HCC in future.
Objective To understand the role and mechanism of tumor associated macrophages (TAM) on the occurrence and development of primary liver cancer, and its application in the treatment. MethodThe related literatures about the researches of relation between TAM and primary liver cancer at home and abroad in recent years were collected, sorted out, and made a review. Results Under different stimulating factors, TAM could be polarized to anti-tumor type 1 TAMs or tumor-promoting type 2 TAMs, and type 2 TAMs was the main part in the tumor microenvironment. Through some mechanisms such as vascularity-promoting, invasion-promoting, and immunosuppression to promote the occurrence and development of tumors, and potential treatment plans for primary liver cancer could be found by targeting TAM from different perspectives. Conclusion TAM has a wide range of effects on primary liver cancer, and their mechanisms are complex, understanding the relation between them and make an effective control of TAM could provide new therapeutic ideas and plans for clinical treatment of primary liver cancer.
Most immune-related adverse event (irAE) associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) resulted from excessive immune response against normal organs. The severity, timing, and organs affected by these events were often unpredictable. Adverse reactions could cause treatment delays or interruptions, in rare cases, pose a life-threatening risk. The mechanisms underlying irAE involved immune cell dysregulation, imbalances in inflammatory factor expression, alterations in autoantibodies and complement activation, even dysbiosis of intestinal microorganisms. However, the mechanisms of irAE occurrence might differ slightly among organs due to variations in their structures and the functions of resident immune cells. Future research should focus on the development of targeted drugs for the prevention or treatment of irAE based on the mechanisms by which irAE occurs in different organs. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying irAE occurrence would aid clinicians in effectively utilizing ICIs and provide valuable guidance for their clinical application.
Iron death is an alternative to normal cell death and is regulated by a variety of cellular metabolic pathways. Iron death has become a hot topic of research because it can cause damage to various organs and degenerative diseases in the body. Metabolism, signalling pathways, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and immune cells can all affect the occurrence of iron death, and the blood-retina destruction induced by iron death plays an important role in autoimmune uveitis. Exploring the components of the blood-retina regulatory mechanism of iron death in autoimmune uveitis can lead to the search for targeted drug targets, which can provide a new research idea for the subsequent study of the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune uveitis.
Objective To investigate the effects of repeated shortischemia training on flap survival area, vascular endothelial growth factor and the microvascularsel density. Methods Seventy-two rabbits were divided into:the experimental group(n=64), the skin flaps were constructed in two sides of back, one side flap were given ischemia training for 15 minutes and 8 times one day at the pedicles from the 1st to 8th day after operation (group A), the other side flap was served as a control (group B), the corresponding site was only marked as a blank control group (group C).Then, 8 pedicles of group A and group Bwere isolated every day. The surviving area of all skin flaps were calculated on the5th day after isolating operation. The vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and microvessel density(MVD) of the 3 groups were checked with immunohistologochemical staining. Results After the operation, all animalswere survival with normal vitality.The survival flap area of group A were significant more than that of group B after 3 days(Plt;0.05).The expressions of VEGF and MVD of group A and group B were higher than group C. The expression of VEGF of group A was significantly higher than that of group B(Plt;0.01). The counting of MVD of group A was also significantly higher than that of group B(Plt;0.05). There was positive correlation between flap survival area and MVD in group A. The relation of time point was n and n 2 respectively,correlation coefficient was 0.850. As well as MVD and VEGF were positive correlation,correlation coefficient was 0.801. Conclusion Early repeated shortischemia training can increase flap survival area, the mechanism maybe involve the increased expression of VEGF, which can increased skin flap microvascular density.
Atrial fibrillation is a common and refractory atrial arrhythmia. Changes of atrial mechanical circumstances are closely related to the occurrence and maintenance of atrial fibrillation. Mechanical factors can increase the automaticity, slow conduction velocity and shorten the effective refractory period of the atrium by causing electrical and structural remodeling, and eventually increase the inducibility of atrial fibrillation. The intracellular calcium level, function and structure of cytoskeleton, local renin-angiotensin system, integrin and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathway might take part in the process. Here we analyze and review the underlining mechano-electric feedback process of atrial fibrillation and its related research in order to provide a theoretical basis for further research and elucidating of the mechanical mechanism of atrial fibrillation.
ObjectiveTo summarize the latest advances in copper and cuproptosis in the field of breast cancer, and to provide a reference for clinical treatment decisions. MethodThe literatures related to copper and cuproptosis in recent years were read and summarized, and the research progress on the role of copper in breast cancer, the application of cuproptosis in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer were reviewed. ResultsCuproptosiswas a novel form of programmed cell death, which occurred via direct binding of copper to lipoylated components of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, this resulted in lipoylated protein aggregation and subsequent iron-sulfur cluster protein loss, leading to proteotoxic stress and ultimately cell death. Cuproptosis induced proliferation and migration of breast cancer cell , mediated personalized immunotherapy, and participated in endocrine and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. ConclusionExploring the mechanism of cuproptosis provides potential applications for subsequent immunotherapy, endocrine therapy, and chemotherapy for breast cancer, leading to new effective strategies for patients.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) has been an important tool for scientists to study epilepsy and evaluate the treatment of epilepsy for half a century, since epilepsy seizures are caused by the diffusion of excessive discharge of brain neurons. This paper reviews the clinical application of scalp EEG in the treatment of intractable epilepsy with vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in the past 30 years. It mainly introduces the prediction of the therapeutic effect of VNS on intractable epilepsy based on EEG characteristics and the effect of VNS on EEG of patients with intractable epilepsy, and expounds some therapeutic mechanisms of VNS. For predicting the efficacy of VNS based on EEG characteristics, EEG characteristics such as epileptiform discharge, polarity of slow cortical potential changes, changes of EEG symmetry level and changes of EEG power spectrum are described. In view of the influence of VNS treatment on patients’ EEG characteristics, the change of epileptiform discharge, power spectrum, synchrony, brain network and amplitude of event-related potential P300 are described. Although no representative EEG markers have been identified for clinical promotion, this review paves the way for prospective studies of larger patient populations in the future to better apply EEG to the clinical treatment of VNS, and provides ideas for predicting VNS efficacy, assessing VNS efficacy, and understanding VNS treatment mechanisms, with broad medical and scientific implications.
Renal cancer is a common malignant tumor and the deadliest cancer of the urinary and reproductive system. Given the increasing incidence rate of kidney cancer, timely intervention of its controllable risk factors is crucial. Antimicrobial agent is widely used worldwide, and in recent years, some studies have found that long-term use of antimicrobial agent is associated with an increased risk of kidney cancer. The mechanism may involve multiple factors such as nephrotoxicity of antimicrobial agent and intestinal flora imbalance. This article reviews the relationship between long-term use of antimicrobial agent and risk of kidney cancer, and explores possible mechanisms, to understand the impact of long-term use of antimicrobial agent on the risk of kidney cancer, and to provide more references for early prevention of kidney cancer and rational use of antimicrobial agent.