Recently, many researchers paid more attentions to the association between air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Haze, a severe form of outdoor air pollution, affected most parts of northern and eastern China in the past winter. In China, studies have been performed to evaluate the impact of outdoor air pollution and biomass smoke exposure on COPD; and most studies have focused on the role of air pollution in acutely triggering symptoms and exacerbations. Few studies have examined the role of air pollution in inducing pathophysiological changes that characterise COPD. Evidence showed that outdoor air pollution affects lung function in both children and adults and triggers exacerbations of COPD symptoms. Hence outdoor air pollution may be considered a risk factor for COPD mortality. However, evidence to date has been suggestive (not conclusive) that chronic exposure to outdoor air pollution increases the prevalence and incidence of COPD. Cross-sectional studies showed biomass smoke exposure is a risk factor for COPD. A long-term retrospective study and a long-term prospective cohort study showed that biomass smoke exposure reductions were associated with a reduced decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and with a decreased risk of COPD. To fully understand the effect of air pollution on COPD, we recommend future studies with longer follow-up periods, more standardized definitions of COPD and more refined and source-specific exposure assessments.
Objective To analyze the influence of COPD on the structure and function of left ventricular. Methods Sixty-nine COPD patients ( mean age: 69. 0 ±7. 8 yrs) and forty healthy controls ( mean age: 67. 8 ±7. 6 yrs) were enrolled in this study. Both groups underwent Doppler echocardiography.Heart rate ( HR) were recorded. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume ( LVEDV) , left ventricular enddiastolic diameter ( LVEDD) , interventricular septum( IVS) , stroke volume ( SV) , and cardiac output ( CO)were measured. The changes of left ventricular were compared between the COPD patients and the healthy controls, and also between the COPD patients with or without chronic cor pulmonale. Results Compared with the healthy controls, movement range of IVS, LVEDD, LVEDV, and SV reduced significantly ( P lt;0. 05) , and HR raised significantly in the COPD patients ( P lt; 0. 05) . CO had no significant difference between two groups ( P gt;0. 05) . Sub-group analysis indicated that the thickness and movement range of IVSwere greater in the patients with cor pulmonale secondary to COPD than those without cor pulmonale ( P lt;0. 05) . Conclusions In COPD patients, left ventricular chamber size decreases, and left ventricular systolic function is impaired. Left ventricular function is impaired more severe in cor pulmonale secondary to COPD than COPD without cor pulmonale.
Objective To summarize and review the heterogeneity of bone marrow derived stem cells (BMDSCs) and its formation mechanism and significance, and to analyze the possible roles and mechanisms in intestinal epithel ial reconstruction. Methods The related l iterature about BMDSCs heterogeneity and its role in intestinal epithel ial repair was reviewed and analyzed. Results The heterogeneity of BMDSCs provided better explanations for its multi-potency. The probable mechanisms of BMDSCs to repair intestinal epithel ium included direct implantation into intestinal epithel ium, fusion between BMDSCs and intestinal stem cells, and promotion of injury microcirculation reconstruction. Conclusion BMDSCs have a bright future in gastrointestinal injury caused by inflammatory bowl disease and regeneration.
PURPOSE:To measure the epidermal growth factor (EGF)contents in vitreous and serum samples in normal subjects and patients with proliferative retinal diseases. METHODS: Using radioreceptor assay(RRA)to measure the EGF contents in vitreous and serum in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) 16 cases, proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) 20 cases, central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO)16 cases,other retinal vascular diseases 5 cases,and controls 10 cases. RESULTS:The EGF levels in vitreous of the patient group were apparently higher than those of the controls (Plt;0. 001). Among patient group,the EGF contents in vitrectomy fluid was lower than that of original vitreous, reflecting about 60~ 63~ EGF level in original vitreous, Both showed positive correlation. To compare the EGF contents in serum of patients and controls,the EGF contents in serum of PDR group increased significantly. In CRVO group the EGF contents also increased,while in PVR group,the EGF contents were lower than those of the controls. CONCLUSIONS: The increased EGF contents in vitreous of patient group may play a role in the pathogenesis of proliferative retinal diseases. The RRA is a sensitive method for quantitative measurement of growth factor. （Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,1996,12: 91- 93）
Most patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have a good prognosis, but a certain proportion of the elderly and people with underlying diseases are still prone to develop into severe and critical COVID-19. Kidney is one of the common target organs of COVID-19. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of severe COVID-19 patients, especially critical COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care units. AKI associated with COVID-19 is also an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in patients. This article mainly focuses on the epidemiological data, possible pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, and prevention and treatment based on the 5R principle of AKI associated with COVID-19. It summarizes the existing evidence to explore standardized management strategies for AKI associated with COVID-19.
Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of prepapillary and preretinal vascular loops. Methods The clinical manifestation, results of the fundus fluorescein angiography, and the prognosis of 20 cases(24 eyes) with prepapillary and preretinal vascual loops were analyzed retrospectively. Results 66.7% of prepapillary and preretinal vascular loops were involved in one eye, and 95.8% of vascular loops were located within one optic disc diameter. There were different configuration types of the vascular loops. Among 20 cases(24 eyes) of the vascular loops, 70.8%(17 eyes) were arterial, 12.5%(3 eyes) were venous, and 16.7%(4 eyes) were both arterial and venous. 62.5% of eyes with prepapillary and preretinal vascular loops were associated with other congenital and developmental anomalies of retinal vascular vessels. Conclusion Most PRVL are arterial and superior to the optic disc. The serious distortion of the vascular loops may result in disturbance of blood flow in artery and retinal hemorrhage, which cause visual loss. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 1999, 15: 9-11)
Objective To summarize the treatment experience for concomitant diseases of other abdominal organs in laparoscopic cholecystectomy （LC）. Methods The clinical data of 176 patients with LC and concomitant diseases of other abdominal organs were analyzed retrospectively， including preoperatively diagnosed cases （such as 53 with liver cyst， 15 with choledocholithiasis， 7 with chronic appendicitis， 5 with inguinal hernia， 4 with renal cyst， and 6 with ovarian cyst） and intraoperatively diagnosed cases （such as 72 with abdominal cavity adhesion， 4 with internal fistula between gallbladder and digestive tract， 3 with Mirizzi syndrome， and 7 with unsuspected gallbladder carcinoma）. Results All the operation were successfully completed in 176 patients without severe complications， including 53 cases treated with LC plus fenestration of hepatic cyst， 15 with choledocholithotomy， 7 with appendectomy， 5 with tension free hernia repair， 4 with renal cyst fenestration， 6 with oophorocystectomy， 72 with adhesiolysis， 3 with fistula resection plus intestine neoplasty， 2 with intraoperative cholangiography plus choledocholithotomy， 5 with LC plus gallbladder bed complete burning， and 4 cases treated with conversion to open surgery （1 with intestinal fistula repair， 1 with choledocholithotomy， and 2 with radical resection for gallbladder carcinoma）. Conclusions It is safe and effective to treat gallbladder diseases complicated with other concomitant diseases simultaneously with laparoscopic operation， if the principles of surgical operation are followed and the indications and applicable conditions are strictly followed. And conversion to open surgery is necessary.
The pathogenesis of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) is still controversial. More evidence of clinical and basic research is needed to distinguish PCV from an independent disease to a subtype of age-related macular degeneration. Not only that, there are also many puzzles in the diagnosis, treatment options and prognosis of PCV. In addition to these common problems, we also face a large population with risk factors, a large number of PCV patients with multiple and complex challenges in China. There is a long way to go to reduce the damage effects of PCV on visual function. To fulfil this goal, we need make full use of the huge resources of PCV patients and turn these challenges into opportunities, and contribute the improvement of diagnosis and better understanding of PCV pathogenesis.
Objective To investigate the relationship of pulmonary surfactant protein D( SP-D) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD) by measuring SP-D level in serum and lung tissue of rats with COPD.Methods The rat COPD model was established by passive smoking as well as intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide ( LPS) . Thirty male SD rats were randomly divided into a control group, a LPS group, and a COPD group( n =10 in each group) . The pathologic changes of lung tissue and airway were observed under light microscope by HE staining. Emphysema changes were evaluated by mean linear intercept ( MLI) of lung and mean alveolar number ( MAN) . The level of SP-D in serum was measured by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA) . The expression of SP-D in lung tissue was detected by Western-blot and immunohistochemistry.Results The MLI obviously increased, and MAN obviously decreased in the COPD group compared with the control group ( Plt;0.05) . There was no significant difference in the MLI and MAN between the LPS group and the control group ( Pgt;0.05) . The serum SP-D level was ( 49.59 ±2.81) ng/mL and ( 53.21±4.17) ng/mL in the LPS group and the COPD group, which was significantly higher than that in the control group [ ( 42.14±2.52) ng/mL] ( Plt;0.05) . The expression of SP-D in lung tissue was 0.56±0.01 and 0.63±0.01 in the LPS group and the COPD group, which was also obviously ber than that in the control group ( 0.39 ±0.01) ( Plt;0.05) .Meanwhile the SP-D levels in serumand lung tissue were higher in the COPD group than those in the LPS group ( Plt;0.05) . The levels of SP-D between serum and lung tissue were positively correlated in all three groups ( r=0.93, 0.94 and 0.93, respectively, Plt;0.01) .Conclusion Both the SP-D level in serum and in lung tissue increase significantly in COPD rats and correlate well each other, which suggests that SP-D may serve as a biomarker of COPD.
PURPOSE:To inquire into diagnosis and differentiation method for full thickness macular hole,lamellar macular hole and cystoid macular degeneration. METHODS:Amsler grid,Watzke' s sign and laser aiming beam test were performed in the patients:30 with full-thickness macular hole, 12 with lamellar macular hole and 8 with cystoid macular degeneration. The results were analyzed statistically with method of four table precise probability. RESULTS:The positive rate of Amsler grid,watzke's sign and laser aiming beam test was 100% in ail of the full thickness macular holes,and it was 85%，65%and 0 in lamellar macular holes and cystoid macular degeneration respectively. CONCLUSION: Amsler grid testing was sensitive but not specific,Watzke's sign was more sensitive and specific,and the laser aiming beam tesl was extremely sensitive and specific in clinical diagnosis of full thickness macular hole. （Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,1996,12: 208-210）