Objective To investigate the possible mechanism and fracture stability of subtypes of type B Hangman’s fracture by using imaging observation. Methods Patients with type B Hangman’s fractures admitted to multiple centers between January 2008 and October 2023 were selected as the research objects. The clinical data and imaging data of patients who met the selection criteria were extracted. The patient’s age, gender, cause of fracture, disease duration, visual analogue scale (VAS) score of neck pain, neck disability index (NDI), and American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) classification of spinal cord function were collected. Based on the imaging data, the anatomical structure of the contralateral superior articular process fracture, the relationship between the superior articular process fracture line and the position of the odontoid process, the associated posterior vertebral wall fracture and its classification, the incidence of vertebral arch floating and C2, 3 instability were observed. The superior articular fracture angle (SAFA), superior articular fracture displacement distance (SAFD), and C2 vertebral body rotation (VBRA) were measured. According to the anatomical structure of the contralateral superior articular process fracture, the patients were divided into a pedicle fracture group (POA group), a inferior articular process fracture group (IAP group), and a laminar fracture group (CSL group). The baseline data and imaging indexes were analyzed between groups, and the imaging anatomical characteristics of each subtype of fracture were observed to explore its possible mechanism and fracture stability. Results A total of 86 cases of type B Hangman’s fractures were collected. There were 67 males and 19 females. The mean age was 51.0 years old (range, 21-78 years). There were 48 cases of pedicle fracture (POA group), 25 cases of inferior articular process fracture (IAP group), and 13 cases of laminar fracture (CSL group). There was no significant difference in age, gender, cause of fracture, course of disease, VAS score of neck pain, and NDI between groups (P>0.05). However, the incidence of spinal cord injury in POA group was the highest (P<0.05). The incidences of superior articular process fracture line posterior to the odontoid process and posterior vertebral wall fracture in POA group were the highest (P<0.05). The incidences of vertebral arch floating and C2, 3 instability in IAP group were the highest (P<0.05). There were significant differences in SAFA and VBRA between groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in SAFD between groups (P>0.05). The differences in the incidences of fracture displacement>3 mm and VBRA>5° between groups were significant (P<0.05). There were 78 cases of unstable Hangman’s fracture, including 2 cases of simple C2、3 instability, 22 cases of simple axis rotation and displacement instability, 8 cases of simple vertebral arch floating instability, and the rest of the patients had two or more types of instability. Conclusion The mechanism of different subtypes of type B Hangman’s fracture may be that the lateral mass of the rotation of the atlas applied the overextension compression force to the unilateral superior articular process of the axis vertebra, and the contralateral pedicle, inferior articular process and lamina fractures were caused by direct violence or/and rotational violence to different degrees. The decomposition of this type of fracture into C2, 3 intervertebral, axis vertebra body displacement and rotation and vertebral arch floating instability is beneficial to the treatment and surgical approach selection.