Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a vascular disease characterized by intraretinal hemorrhage, edema and hard exudation, which is caused by increased retinal vein pressure. OCT angiography (OCTA) has been widely used in the diagnosis of retinal vascular diseases including RVO by virtue of non-invasive, high resolution and stratified display of superficial, deep retinal vessels and quantification of retinal vessel density and non-perfusion area size. OCTA can provide information of retinal microvascular structure and blood perfusion under the condition of disease, it also can be used to evaluate the effect of treatment and changes of retinal circulation during the course of disease follow-up. Although OCTA cannot replace fundus angiography completely, it has brought us more information about the pathogenesis, disease progression and prognostic factors of RVO. It is believed that with the progress of technology, OCTA will bring us a new chapter in the study of retinal vascular diseases including RVO.
Diabetic macular edema is the leading cause of central vision loss and even blindness in diabetic retinopathy. Compared to FFA, OCT can obtain the high-resolution 3D image quickly, easily to reflect the details of the tissue and realize the quantitative measurement. As a novel technology, OCT angiography (OCTA) can display microvascular structure from different layers of retina and choroid, having its advantage of quantifying the vessel density and the lesion area. By detecting fundus morphology, quantifying and quantitating the retinal vessels and vessel density, the combination of OCT and OCTA could play a guiding role in diagnosis, classification, treatment and prognosis of diabetic macular edema.
ObjectiveTo observe the optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) image characteristics of polypoid choroidal vascular disease (PCV) after intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs, and to discuss its significance in the diagnosis and follow-up of PCV.MethodsA retrospective case study. From August 2018 to January 2020, 22 eyes of 22 patients with PCV diagnosed in the ophthalmological examination of Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University were included in the study. Among them, there were 10 males with 10 eyes and 12 females with 12 eyes; the average age was 67.75±9.53 years. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), OCTA, and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) were performed. All the affected eyes were injected vitreously with 10 mg/ml Conbercept 0.05 ml (including Conbercept 0.5 mg) once a month for 3 consecutive months.Tthe macular area of 3 mm×3 mm and 6 mm×6 mm with an OCTA instrument was scanned, and the foveal retinal thickness (CRT) was measured, the area of abnormal branch blood vessels (BVN). pigment epithelial detachment before and 12 months after treatment (PED) height, foveal choroid thickness (SFCT) were performed. The diagnosis rate of PCV by OCTA was observed, as well as the changes of various indicators of BCVA and OCTA. Before and after treatment, BCVA and CRT were compared by paired t test; BVN area, PED height, and SFCT were compared by variance analysis. The changes in imaging characteristics of OCTA before and after treatment were analyzed.ResultsAmong the 22 eyes, 8 eyes were BVN; 5 eyes were polypoid lesions (polyps); 5 eyes were BVN combined with polyps; 3 eyes were not found with BVN and polyps; 1 eye with small vascular network structure, this eye was ICGA Appears as strong nodular fluorescence (polyps). The detection rate of PCV by OCTA was 86.36% (19/22). Twelve months after treatment, BVN was significantly reduced or disappeared in 16 eyes (72.72%, 16/22); polyps disappeared in 17 eyes (77.27%, 17/22). Compared with before treatment, 12 months after treatment, BCVA increased (t=3.071), CRT decreased (t=2.440), the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05); the average BVN area, PED height, and SFCT decreased. The difference in average BVN area and PED height was statistically significant (F=2.805, 3.916; P＜0.05), and the difference in SFCT was not statistically significant (F=0.047, P＞0.05).ConclusionsThe detection rate of PCV by OCTA is 86.36%. After PCV anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drug treatment, BVN area decrease and polyps subside. OCTA is an effective means for PCV diagnosis and follow-up after anti-VEGF drug treatment.
ObjectiveTo compare the lamina cribrosa parameters between primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and chronic primary angle closure glaucoma (CPACG) eyes. MethodsA total of 73 POAG eyes (73 subjects), 64 CPACG eyes (64 subjects), and 40 normal control eyes (40 subjects) with matched ages were included in this cross-sectional observational study. No significant difference was found in sex (χ2=2.07) and age (F=0.38) among three groups (P > 0.05). The intraocular pressure, average retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and average visual field defect were not significantly different between POAG and CPACG patients (F=15.67, 21.15, 44.40, 27.99; P < 0.05). All subjects underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) with enhanced depth imaging (EDI). The optic nerve head was scanned radially at the angle of 20; six high resolution B-scan images were obtained from each eye. The center and para-center lamina cribrosa thickness (LCT) and anterior lamina cribrosa surface depth (ALCSD) were measured in each image. The mean LCT and ALCSD were recorded as the average of the LCT and ALCSD of the 6 images and compared among POAG, CPACG and normal control eyes. ResultsThe average LCT of normal control eyes were (211.48±12.07) μm, while those of the POAG eyes were (145.43±34.33) μm, CPACG eyes were (156.79±33.66) μm. The mean LCT of the POAG and CPACG eyes were thinner than those of the control eyes (t=-11.76, -9.88; P < 0.01). All LCT of the POAG eyes were significantly thinner than those of the CPACG eyes (t=-1.96, P=0.03).The average ALCSD of normal control eyes were (390.73±84.40) μm, while those of the POAG eyes were (558.51±176.66) μm, CPACG eyes were (539.39±177.30) μm, respectively. The average ALCSD of the POAG and CPACG eyes were deeper than those of the control eyes (t=5.65, 4.96; P < 0.01). But no significantly different ALCSD was shown between POAG and CPACG eyes (t=0.63, P=0.49). ConclusionsPOAG and CPACG eyes have thinner LCT and deeper ALCSD than normal eyes. POAG eyes have thinner LCT than CPACG eyes when their visual field defect and damage of RNFL were in the same degree.
Objective To evaluate the clinical features of macular retinoschisis (MRS) and macular retinal detachment without hole (MRDH) in highly myopic eyes. Methods The clinical data of 19 patients (24 eyes) with MRS and MRDH from 186 patients (349 eyes) with high myopia were retrospectively analyzed. All of the patients had undergone the examinations of subjective refraction, binocular indirect ophthalmoscope, slit lamp microscope combined with Goldmann threemirror contact lens, fundus images, A/Bscan ultrasonography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Results In 349 eyes, 24 (6.9％) had MRS and (or) MRDH at the posterior pole. The results of ocualr fundus examinations showed that all of the 24 eyes (100%) had posterior scleral staphyloma (PS), 2 (8.3%) had vitreomacular traction (VMT), 2 (8.3%) had macular local superficial retinal detachment, and 1 (4.2%) had fullthickness macular hole. The results of Bscan ultrasonography also indicated PS in all 24 eyes (100%), macular local superficial retinal detachment in 7 (29.2%) with a bowlike configuration formed by the detached retina and the coneshaped roof of PS, and VMT in 2 (8.3%). The results of OCT revealed macular outerlayer retinoschisis (ORS) in 22 eyes (91.7%) in which 8 (36.4%) also had macular innerlayer retinoschisis (IRS); MRDH in 5 eyes (20.8%) in which ORS was found in 3 (60.0%) and simplex MRDH in 2 (40.0%) including 1 with VMT; VMT in 13 eyes (54.2%); cystoid macular edema (CME) in 3 eyes (12.5%); and lamellar macular hole in 4 eyes (16.7%). Conclusions MRS and MRDH are common complications in highly myopic eyes with posterior scleral staphyloma.OCT is more sensitive and accurate in detecting MRS and MRDH than routine ophthalmoscopic examination and B-scan ultrasonography.
ObjectiveTo observe the incidence and risk factors of microcystic macular edema (MME) in patients with idiopathic macular epiretinal membrane (IMEM) preoperatively and postoperatively. MethodsA retrospective case series study. From January 2017 to May 2021, 72 eyes of 72 patients with IMEM in Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University at Hangzhou were included. There were 18 male and 54 female. Average age was 64.8±7.8 years. Eyes were all monocular. All patients received the examination of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) by standard logarithmic visual acuity chart, which was represented logarithmic of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR). Optical coherence tomography was used to measure central macular thickness (CMT). MME was defined as small, vertically bounded cystic space located outside the fovea in the inner layer of the retina. According to the presence or absence of MME before surgery, the affected eyes were divided into two groups: non-MME group (35 eyes) and MME group (37 eyes). The difference of logMAR BCVA and CMT was statistically significant between Group A and B (t=3.117, 2.589; P=0.003, 0.012). All patients with IMEM were treated with 23G three-channels pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with epiretinal membrane and inner limiting membrane (ILM) peeling. The two groups were further divided into four groups according to whether there was MME in the postoperative follow-up time. The group A1 was without MME before and after surgery, group A2 was without MME before surgery and with MME after surgery. The MME group was subdivided into the group with MME before surgery and without MME after surgery (group B1) and the group with MME before and after surgery (group B2). The mean follow-up time was 8.8±7.7 months. The same equipment and methods were used to exam the patients during the follow-up. Paired t test was used to compare the changes of MME, BCVA and CMT before and after surgery. The differences of CMT and BCVA among groups before and after surgery were compared by independent sample t test and one-way ANOVA. Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of MME before and after surgery, and multiple linear regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of postoperative BCVA. ResultsThere were 35 eyes in the non-MME group, 18 eyes (51.43%, 18/35) in the A1 group and 17 eyes (48.57%, 17/35) in the A2 group, respectively. There were 37 eyes in MME group, 6 eyes (16.22%, 6/37) in group B1 and 31 eyes (83.78%, 31/37) in group B2, respectively. At last follow-up, the logMAR BCVA was 0.10±0.12, 0.25±0.17, 0.09±0.11, 0.30±0.26 in group A1, A2, B1, and B2, respectively. Compared with the logMAR BCVA before surgery, the differences were statistically significant (t=3.779, 4.253, 7.869, 6.668; P＜0.01). There was significant difference in logMAR BCVA among the four groups (F=4.460, P＜0.01). There was a significant difference in logMAR BCVA between group A1 and group A2 (t=－2.930, P=0.006). There was no significant difference between group B1 and group B2 (t=－1.921, P=0.063). The CMT of group A1, A2, B1 and B2 were 371.83±73.24, 431.24±83.13, 407.00±28.07 and 425.19±70.97 μm, respectively. Compared with those before operation, the differences were statistically significant (t=5.197, 2.465, 3.055, 6.078; P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in CMT among the four groups (F=2.597, P=0.059). Logistic regression analysis showed that pre-operation MME was correlated with pre-operation IMEM stage (β=1.494, P=0.004). New MME after surgery was correlated with age (β=0.153, P=0.013). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that postoperative visual acuity was significantly correlated with CMT before surgery and MME after surgery (β=0.001, 0.134; P=0.015, 0.019). ConclusionsPPV combined with epiretinal membrane and ILM peeling surgery for IMEM can improve visual acuity and decrease CMT. MME regress or regenerate after surgery. Age is an independent predictor of the risk of newly formed MME after surgery.
Optic disc drusen (ODD) is an acellular deposit located in front of the cribriform of the optic disc. ODD has been much underdiagnosed due to few obvious clinical symptoms. These clinical symptoms are easily confused with optic disc edema caused by systemic high-risk diseases. The current mainstream view is that optic nerve fiber axon metabolism is disordered, leading to intracellular mitochondrial calcification. After axon chronic disintegration, calcified mitochondria continuously release outside the cell, resulting in a much higher concentration of extracellular calcium than inside the cell. The continuous deposit and accumulation of extracellular calcification fuse to small calcified corpuscles, which lead to ODD formation. OCT enhanced deep imaging can detect ODD sensitively, and its image feature is a weak reflection core completely or partially surrounded by a strong reflection edge. ODD is one of the common causes for optic disc crowding. During adolescence, the accumulating calcified bodies buried in the deep optic disc gradually extrude and migrate to the superficial optic disc, which turn into superficial ODD. As a consequence, part of these ODD patients rapidly progress during adolescence and generally become stable in adulthood with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, or other vascular complications.
Objective To observe the imaging features of ultra-wide field short wave fundus autofluorescence (SW-FAF) in eyes with multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS), and analysis the correspondence to conventional images. Methods It was a retrospective case series study. Thirteen patients (14 eyes) diagnosed with MEWDS were enrolled. There were 12 females and 1 male, aged from 22 to 57 years, mean age was 34.5 years. All the eyes underwent fundus color photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and ultra-wide field autofluorescence (FAF). Simultaneous fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) were performed in 6 eyes. The characteristic changes of SW-FAF in studied eyes were observed and compared with the images of FFA and ICGA. All the eyes were followed up every 1 to 2 weeks, with an average of 16.7 weeks. The characteristic images of SW-FAF and corresponding OCT were studied during follow up. Results MEWDS presented with numerous multiple hyper-autofluorescent spots, sized from 50-500 μm, with a vague boundary in ultra-wide field SW-FAF. These spots located mainly at the peripapillary area and the posterior pole with a confluent pattern. The lesions extended to the mid-peripheral retina as well and became more scattered. The distribution of the hyper-autofluorescent lesions in SW-FAF corresponded roughly to that of the greyish-white spots seen in color photograph and the hyper-fluorescent spots detected by FFA. It was consistent with the distribution of hypo-fluorescent spots in late-phase ICGA as well. But the number of the spot showed in FAF is much more than that in FFA, and slightly less than that in ICGA. The OCT scans through the hyper-autofluorescent lesions in SW-FAF showed impairment of outer retina. After the recovery, the hyper-autofluorescent spots disappeared with the outer retina structure repaired completely. Conclusions MEWDS presented with numerous multiple hyper-autofluorescent spots which located mainly at the peripapillary area in ultra-wide field SW-FAF. The distribution of the hyper-autofluorescent lesions in SW-FAF corresponded roughly to color photograph, FFA and ICGA in late-phase. The OCT scans through the hyper-autofluorescent lesions in SW-FAF showed impairment of outer retina.
Objective To observe the ocular fundus features and consistency of classification of diabetic retinopathy (DR) by ultra-wide-field fluorescein angiography (UWFA) and the simulated early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) 7 standard field (7SF) imaging. Methods This is a retrospective clinical description study. Ninety-six eyes of 55 DR patients were included. The ages ranged from 25 to 73 years, with a mean age of (41.34±15.07) years. UWFA examination (British Optos 200Tx imaging system) using the protocol for obtaining 7SF images as described in the ETDRS, 7 circular regions with a range of 30 degrees are spliced as 7SF templates to determine the observation range. This template was then overlaid on the UWFA image to identify the potential viewable area of 7SF. And the visualized area of the retina, retinal non-perfusion (NP) area, retinal neovascularization (NV) area, and pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP) area of UWFA and 7SF were quantified by a retinal specialist. Results UWFA imaging and 7SF imaging have a high degree of consistency in judging DR classification (kappa=0.851,P=0.000). The retinal visual area, NP area, NV area and PRP area of the UWFA imaging were 3.16, 3.38, 2.22 and 3.15 times more comparing with the simulated 7SF imaging (t=213.430, 45.013, 22.644, 142.665;P=0.000, 0.000, 0.003, 0.000). The lesions of 8 eyes were found outside the range of simulated 7SF imaging, including peripheral NP in 5 eyes, NV areas in 3 eyes, respectively. Conclusion UWFA imaging and simulated 7SF imaging are consistent to judge DR classification, but UWFA can find more peripheral retinal lesions.
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo evaluate the main CT features, the morbidity of CT signs and the anatomic-pathologic bases of secondary pyogenic peritonitis (SPP). MethodsTwentyfour patients of the SPP were retrospectively studied. Emphasis was placed on the spiral CT manifestations of the SPP correlating with their anatomic-pathologic bases and the occurrence as well as the signs of primary lesions which resulted in the SPP. ResultsThe main CT manifestations of SPP revealed as follows: the thickened peritoneum, 16 in 24 cases (66.7%), of which 14 cases were smooth and 2 cases were irregular; the ascites, 15 in 24 cases (62.5%); the free air within peritoneal cavity, 9 in 24 cases (37.5%); the edema and thickening involved in the greater omentum, 8 in 24 cases (33.3%); the small bowel mesentery, 5 in 24 cases (20.8%); and the bowels’ wall, 5 in 24 cases (20.8%); the adhesions of bowels, 6 in 24 cases (25.0%). The CT manifestation of the promary lesions, which caused SPP, and the complications were shown as follows: the signs of primary lesion, 13 cases (54.2%); the inflammatory changes in retroperitoneal cavity 13 cases (54.2%); the involvements of chest 13 cases (54.2%); and the abscess in peritoneal and pelvic cavity 6 cases (25.0%). ConclusionThe main significant CT signs of SPP could be concluded as follows: thickened peritoneum, ascites, free air within peritoneal cavity, edematous and thickened greater omentum, the small bowel mesentery, and the bowels’ wall, as well as the adhesions of bowels. So, the CT scan can present plenty of CT signs, which are significant and very helpful for making an appropriate diagnosis of SPP.