Objective To evaluate the relationship between endothelin (ET) in bile and peripheral blood with systemic and hepatobiliary injury in patients with acute cholangitis of severe type (ACST). Methods ET, ALT and total bilirubin in bile and peripheral veinous blood of 25 patients with acute cholangitis of severe type (ACST) were detected during operation, one week and two weeks after operation. Results The contents of ET, ALT and total bilirubin were significantly lower on 7-day and 14-day after operations as compared with that during operations (Ｐ＜0.05 and Ｐ＜0.01). The concentration of ET in peripheral veinous blood paralleled with that in bile. Conclusion This suggests that ET is tightly related with the pathologic process of ACST. So, in patients with ACST, the dynamic measurement of ET in peripheral veinous blood can be an index for judging the degree of pathological damage either to the hepatobiliary or systemic systems.
Objective To investigate the effect of the damage and functional change of vascular endothelial cells (VEC) on diabetic retinopathy(DR). Methods Circulating endothelial cell (CEC) number and plasma endothelin(ET) level were measured in 18 normal control subjects and 55 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) consisting of 20 cases of DM with out retinopathy,20 cases of DM with-background diabetic retinopathy and 15 cases of DM with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Results CEC number and plasma ET level in DM were significantly higher than those in normal subjects(Plt;0.001)respectively.With the progression of DR,CEC number was significantly elevated and plasma ET level was gradually elevated.There was significant positive correlation between CEC number and plasma ET level (r=0.738,Plt;0.001,n=55). Conclusion VEC damage and elevated plasma ET level induced by VEC damage may play an important role in the development and progression of DR. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,2000,16:166-168)
Objective To investigate the alteration of protein kinase C (PKC) and endothelin system in early diabetic rats, and the effect of specific PKC inhibitor on the expression of retinal endothelin-1 (ET-1). Methods The rats model with streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetes were set up. The expression of retinal PKC was detected by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of retinal ET-1, ET-3, ET-A and ET-B receptor mRNA was determined by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The alteration of retinal ET-1 mRNA after intravitreal injection of PKC inhibitor GF109203X in diabetic rats was also observed. Results The activities of membranous PKC were significantly increased in 2-week diabetic rats compared with that in normal rats（t=3.296 , P=0.008）, while activities of cytosolic PKC were unchangeable（t=0.138, P=0.894）. The expression of retinal ET-1 mRNA was significantly increased（P=0.008）, while no change was found in expression of ET-3, ET-A and ET-B mRNA（P=0.918，P=0.889，P=0.500）. After intravitreal in jection of 10-5、10-6、10-7 mol/L PKC inhibitor GF109203X in diabetic rats, the expression of retinal ET-1 mRNA was decreased in a dose-dependent manner compared with the control rats. Conclusion Activation of PKC and increased expression of ET-1 could be found in the retina of early diabetic rats, and PKC inhibitor could inhibit the expression of retinal ET-1. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis，2004，20：168-171)
Objective To investigate the relationship between gene expression of endothelin-3 (ET-3） and inflammation of acute pancreatitis （AP） in rats. Methods Fifty-four rats were divided randomly into 4 groups: sham operation group, AP group, arterial injection group and vein injection group. AP was induced by reverse intra-bile duct infusion 4.5% sodium taurocholate, treated with low dose dopamine 〔5 μg/（kg·min）〕 by injecting arterial or tail vein. Rats were sacrificed at 1， 6 and 24 h after the induction of AP. The mRNA expression of ET-3 was evaluated by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and pathological changes was observed in rats. Results Expression of ET-3 mRNA could be detected from 1 up to 24 h after the induction of pancreatitis. Expression of ET-3 mRNA of sham operation group was decreased significantly compared with other three groups. Expression of ET-3 mRNA showed a significant decrease by arterial injection dopamine than that by tail vein (P＜0.05， P＜0.01). The pathologic score in AP group was the highest, vein injection group was the next one, and score in sham operation group was the lowest. Conclusion There are significant relationship between inflammation of AP and expression of ET-3 mRNA. Dopamine administration by arterial injection is more effective than that by tail vein injection.
ObjectiveTo study the effect of endothelin receptor antagonist on recent outcome of patients undergoing Fontan surgery. MethodsThirty nine patients who received Fontan procedure from January 2009 to December 2010 in Wuhan Asia Heart Hospital were recruited in the study. There were 25 males and 14 females with mean age of 8.02±4.98 years (ranged from 2.5 to 18.0 years). According to the admission number, the patients were randomly divided into an endothelin receptor antagonists group (bosentan group, n=16) and a control group (n=23). The bosentan group received bosentan treatment by gastric fill or oral according to the recommended dose in three days after surgery for over 7 days. The control group did not receive any pulmonary hypertension targeted therapy. On the 10th day after surgery, indexes including mortality etc in the two groups were compared. ResultsNo death occurred in the bosentan group. One patient died on the 5th day after operation in the control group. There was no significant difference in the postoperative mortality. The patients in the bosentan group got significantly better results than the control group in cardiac function, incidence of pleural effusion, vasoactive drugs score, and serum B-type natriuretic peptide, albumin, alanine aminotransferase on the 10th day (P < 0.05); while the 6-minute walk distance, transcutaneous oxygen saturation, white blood cell count, C-reactive protein, cardiac troponin I, and creatinine of the two groups showed no statistical difference (P > 0.05). ConclusionEndothelin receptor antagonists can improve the short-term outcome of patients after Fontan surgery.
Objective To study the changes of endothelin (ET) and nitric oxide (NO) in the local site of vein transfer with delayed breaking pedicle and the relation with vasospasm and vein transfer in rabbits. MethodsThe ET concentration of blood was determined with the radioimmunoassay method. The plasma NO-2,NO-3 levels in the local site of vein transfer with delayed breaking pedicle, which reflected NO levels indirectly, were detected with Ultravioletvisible (UvVIS ) spectrophotometer. ResultsThe endothelin concentration of blood was increased significantly at 2, 4 hour after the operation (P＜0.01), and at 8 hour after the operation (P＜0.05). The plasma NO level was significantly decreased at 2, 4 hour after the operation (P＜0.01). But at 24 hour after the operation, the plasma NO level was increased significantly (P＜0.05). Conclusion The recovery of ET concentration of blood and the increase of plasma NO at 24 hour after the operation are the cause of the reduced incidence of vascular crisis of vein transfer with delayed breaking pedicle, and the very time point is the optimum moment for pedicle breaking.
【Abstract】Objective To study the protective effects of anisodamine on liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Methods One hundred and sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the normal control (n=10), ischemiareperfusion (n=50), normal saline (n=50) and anisodamine (n=50, 2.0 mg/kg) groups. The animals were killed 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 hours after ischemia induced for 60 minutes and followed by reperfusion. Plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1), hyaluronic acid (HA), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase enzyme (ALT) were measured, and the hepatic histopathologic alterations were also observed. Results The plasma ET-1, HA and ALT concentrations were markedly increased after liver ischemiareperfusion.The hepatic congestion was significantly obvious. An intravenous injection of anisodamine before ischemiareperfusion could decrease the plasma HA and ALT concentrations and relieve the hepatic congestion. Conclusion Anisodamine can improve hepatic microcirculatory disturbances after reperfusion and have hepatoprotictive effects on rat liver ischemia-reperfusion injury.
ObjectiveTo investigate the change of renal endothelin (ET) excretion and its relation to renal dysfunctions in obstructive jaundice.MethodsSixty male Wistar rats were randomized into two groups, the common bile ducts were ligated to establish the model of obstructive jaundice in experimental group, and only sham operation was done in control group. Ten rats were taken from each group at 5, 10 and 15 days respectively after operation, renal functions were evaluated by paminohippuric acid clearance (CPAH), inulin clearance (CIN) and fractional sodium excretion (FENa+); furthermore, plasma endotoxin (EX) level was determined, and ET1 contents in renal arterial plasma, renal venous plasma and renal tissue were detected. ResultsOnly FENa+ was significantly increased at the 5th day in experimental group; since the 10th day, all the three renal functional parameters gradually decreased, and FENa+ was significantly lower than that in control group at 15th day (P＜0.01 vs control). ②The plasma EX sustained at significantly higher levels after operation in experimental group (P＜0.01 vs control). ③The renal arterial plasma ET1 was significantly decreased, while the contents in renal venous plasma and renal tissue were significantly increased after operation in experimental group (P＜0.01 vs control). ④There were positive correlation between plasma EX and renal ET1 content, negative correlation between renal ET1 content and CPAH/CIN, and positive correlation between renal ET1 content and FENa+ (P＜0.01).ConclusionThe increased excretion of renal ET stimulated by endotoxemia may play an important role in the renal dysfunctions in obstructive jaundice.
Objective To study the effects of endothelin (ET) on acute pancreatitis in rats. Methods The acute edematous pancreatitis (AEP) and hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis (AHNP) model of rats were induced by cerulein and dextran-110 and endothelin-1 was administered on AEP rats via intravenous injection. Serum amylase, plasma ET and 6-Keto-PGF1α, pancreas hostologic observation were determined. Results The serum concentration of amylase increased markedly in AHNP rats, and there was a significant difference between AHNP and AEP (Ｐ＜0.01). A dose of extrinsic ET-1 may induce the conversion of AEP to AHNP in rats. The degree of pancreatic damage correlates positively with the level of the plasma ET. Conclusion Endothelin might take part in the development of acute pancreatitis, and play a key role in the conversion of AEP to AHNP.
Objective To investigate the role of endothelin（ET） in lung injury during cardiopulmonary bypass （CPB） and study the possible mechanism of ET-mediated lung injury and the protective effect of ferulic acid（FA） during the procedure. Methods Twelve dogs were randomly divided into 2 groups and models of CPB with pulmonary perfusion were established by perfusion of 4 C FA solution through proximal pulmonary artery in the experiment group while control group only received 4 C crystal cardiac arrest solution without pulmonary perfusion. Changes in the content of ET, NO, malonaldehyde （MDA）, dry to wet （D/W） in lung tissue and lung function- related indices PaO2/FiO2, airway pressure （AWP）, pulmonary vascular resistance （PVR）, lung compliance before and after CPB in both groups were measured respectively. Results ET content increased after CPB in control group （P〈0. 05） ,while experiment group had a lower level of ET than that of control group （P〈0.05）; D/W, MDA levels in experiment group decreased （P〈0. 05）, but NO content increased （P〈0. 05） as compared with control group. After pulmonary perfusion with FA, PaO2/FiO2 and lung compliance values in experiment group were higher than those of control group （P〈0.05）,AWP, PVR values lowered accordingly（P〈0. 05）. Lung injury was less severe in the experiment group. Conclusion ET is involved in pathogenesis of lung injury during CPB, FA can effectively reduce lung injury and improve lung function thus having a good protective effect on the lung.