Objective To investigate the mRNA expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor on the retina during injury and repair of optic nerves in rats. Methods Thirty-five healthy SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: 5 in the control group, 15 in the simply transected optic nerve group and 15 in the optic nerve-sciatic nerve anastomosis group. The simply transected and optic nerve-sciatic nerve anastomosed models were set up, and the retinal tissues of all of the rats were taken out after 3, 7 and 14 days, respectively; and the mRNA expression of CNTF in the 3 groups were observed by semiquantitative reversal transcription-polymerase chain reaction method. Results A minimum expression of CNTF mRNA was found in the retinae of the control group, and the increased rates of expression were found in the retinae of the simple transection of optic nerve group with the increase rate of 100%, 594%, and 485% on the 3rd, 7th, and 14th day respectively after the operation, while in optic nerve-sciatic nerve anastomosis group, the increase rates were found to be 258%, 752% and 515% on the 3rd, 7th, and 14th day respectively after the operation. Conclusion Retinal neurons can respond to axonal reaction of retinal ganglion cells by up-regulate endogenous CNTF after the injury of the optic nerves, which may provide a theoretic base for the application of the exogenous CNTF. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis，2004，20：355-357)
Objective To probe the significance of application of ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) in the diagnosis and management of the iris and ciliary tumors. Methods UBM (Mode 840, Humphrey, 50 MHz 5 mm×5 mm) was done in 34 cases (35 eyes) of iris and ciliary body tumors, and some of the affected eyes underwent B-scan or Doppler ultrasound and CT scan. Histopathological examination of the resected tumor tissues was performed in 21 eyes of the operation. Results Among this series of 35 eyes with iris and ciliary body tumors detected by UBM, the characteristics of locality and solidity of the tumors, i,e., anterior chamber in plantation cyst, cyst behind the iris, and solid tumors of iris and ciliary body, of 21 eyes undergone surgical treatment revealed the same results both in UBM and histopathological examinations. Conclusion UBM can supply precise informations in diagnosis and treatment of tumors of iris and ciliary body. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2002, 18: 128-130)
Objective To observe the classification,clinical and pathological features of ciliary body tumors. Methods The clinical and pathological data of 11 cases of primary ciliary body tumors were analysed retrospectively. Results By pathological examination,the tumors of these cases were devided into malignant melanoma (2 cases), benign melanocytoma (3 cases),leiomyoma (2 cases), and angio-leiomyoma, neurilemoma, non-special granuloma and medulloepithelioma (1 case respectively). Both of the benign and malignant tumors of ciliary body tended to grow and enlarge progressively. The cardinal clinical manifestations of this series of 11 cases were as follows: elevation of intraocular pressure in 7, local scleral vascular dilatation in 5, secondary exudative retinal detachment in 5,and the signs of anterior uveitis in the early stage of tumor growth in 4. Conclusion The histopathological types of cilliary tumors are manifold,and the tumors are prone to enlarge progressively in developement either in benign or malignant ones, so that the rates of clinical misdiagnosis are relatively high. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2002, 18: 273-275)
ObjectiveTo observe the morphological and functional changes of retinal degeneration in mice with CLN7 neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis, and the therapeutic effects of glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and/or ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) based on neural stem cells (NSC) on mouse photoreceptor cells. MethodsA total of 100 CLN7 mice aged 14 days were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group, with 80 and 20 mice respectively. Twenty C57BL/6J mice aged 14 days were assigned as wild-type group (WT group). Mice in control group and WT group did not receive any interventions. At 2, 4, and 6 months of age, immunohistochemical staining was conducted to examine alterations in the distribution and quantity of cones, rod-bipolar cells, and cone-bipolar cells within the retinal of mice while electroretinography (ERG) examination was utilized to record scotopic a and b-waves and photopic b-wave amplitudes. At 14 days of age, the mice in the experimental group were intravitreally injected with 2 μl of CNTF-NSC, GDNF-NSC, and a 1:1 cell mixture of CNTF-NSC and GDNF-NSC (GDNF/CNTF-NSC). Those mice were then subdivided into the CNTF-NSC group, the GDNF-NSC group, and the GDNF/CNTF-NSC group accordingly. The contralateral eyes of the mice were injected with 2 μl of control NSC without neurotrophic factor (NTF) as their own control group. At 2 and 4 months of age, the rows of photoreceptor cells in mice was observed by immunohistochemical staining while ERG was performed to record amplitudes. At 4 months of age, the differentiation of grafted NSC and the expression of NTF were observed. Statistical comparisons between the groups were performed using a two-way ANOVA. ResultsCompared with WT group, the density of cones in the peripheral region of the control group at 2, 4 and 6 months of age (F=285.10), rod-bipolar cell density in central and peripheral retina (F=823.20, 346.20), cone-bipolar cell density (F=356.30, 210.60) and the scotopic amplitude of a and b waves (F=1 911.00, 387.10) in central and peripheral retina were significantly decreased, with statistical significance (P＜0.05). At the age of 4 and 6 months, the density of retinal cone cells (F=127.30) and b-wave photopic amplitude (F=51.13) in the control group were significantly decreased, and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05). Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that the NSC transplanted in the experimental group preferentially differentiated into astrocytes, and stably expressed CNTF and GDNF at high levels. Comparison of retinal photoreceptor nucleus lines in different treatment subgroups of the experimental group at different ages: CNTF-NSC group, at 2 months of age: the whole, central and peripheral regions were significantly different (F=31.73, 75.06, 75.06; P＜0.05); 4 months of age: The difference between the whole area and the peripheral region was statistically significant (F=12.27, 12.27; P＜0.05). GDNF/CNTF-NSC group, 2 and 4 months of age: the whole (F=27.26, 27.26) and the peripheral area (F=16.01, 13.55) were significantly different (P＜0.05). In GDNF-NSC group, there was no statistical significance at all in the whole, central and peripheral areas at different months of age (F=0.00, 0.01, 0.02; P＞0.05). ConclusionsCLN7 neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis mice exhibit progressively increasing degenerative alterations in photoreceptor cells and bipolar cells with age growing, aligning with both morphological and functional observations. Intravitreal administration of stem cell-based CNTF as well as GDNF/CNTF show therapeutic potential in rescuing photoreceptor cells. Nevertheless, the combined application of GDNF/CNTF-NSC do not demonstrate the anticipated synergistic protective effect. GDNF has no therapeutic effect on the retinal morphology and function in CLN7 neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis mice.
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of targeted muscular injection of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) on the regeneration of injured peripheral nerves. METHODS The left sciatic nerves of 80 Sprague-Dawley rats were excised to form 6 mm defect and the two ends were bridged by silicone tubes, they were randomly divided into two groups, CNTF group and normal saline (NS) group. The CNTF group was given recombinant human CNTF, 1 mg/kg every other day for 30 days, and the NS group was given equal quantity of normal saline as NS group. The sciatic nerve functional index (SFI), electrophysiological assessment, morphometric analysis of axons, and choleratoxin horseradish peroxidase (CB-HRP) retrograde-labelling were measured postoperatively. RESULTS The SFI, electrophysiological parameters (nerve conduction velocity, latency and amplitude of compound muscle action potentials), myelinated axons counts, mean axons diameters and myelin sheath thickness, number of CB-HRP labelled ventral horn motor neurons of spinal cord were significantly higher in CNTF group than that of NS group. CONCLUSION Targeted muscular injection of CNTF can promote the regeneration of peripheral nerve and improve the nerve functional recovery.
ObjectiveTo observe the cilioretinal artery and its relationship with central visual loss in central retinal artery occlusion(CRAO) patients. MethodsA total of 140 CRAO patients (140 eyes) were enrolled in this study. The patients included 83 males and 57 females. The age was ranged from 42 to 75 years old, with an average of (55.70±22.20) years. All the patients were affected unilaterally, including 79 right eyes and 61 left eyes. The disease duration was from 1 to 10 days, with a mean of (4.7±3.9) hours. Central vision and fluorescence fundus angiography were measured for all patients. The central visual loss was divided into 3 types: mild (≥0.1), moderate (finger counting to 0.08) and severe (no light perception to hand movement). The number, length and location of cilioretinal artery were observed. The correlation between cilioretinal artery and central visual loss was analyzed. ResultsThere were 41 eyes (29.3%) with cilioretinal artery, which including 13 eyes (31.7%) with ≥3 cilioretinal arteries, 23 eyes (56.1%) with 2 cilioretinal arteries, 5 eyes (12.2%) with 1 cilioretinal arteries. The cilioretinal artery was within 1 disk diameter (DD) in length and not reached the macular area in 37 eyes (90.2%), was more than 1DD in length and reached the macular foveal area in 4 eyes (9.8%). The cilioretinal artery located in the temporal side of optic disk in 29 eyes (70.7%), and in other quadrant in 12 eyes (29.3%). The distribution of central visual loss degree as follow: mild in 15 eyes (10.7%), moderate in 50 eyes (35.7%), severe in 75 eyes (53.6%). The difference of central visual loss in the eyes with or without cilioretinal arteries was not significant (χ2=0.16, P>0.05). ConclusionsCilioretinal artery exists in 29.3% CRAO eyes. There was no close correlation between cilioretinal artery and central visual loss.
Objective To study the effects of several neurotrophic factors and growth factors on the survival of human retinal ganglion cells(RGC)in vitro. Methods RGC were isolated from donor eyes and cultured.RGC in cell culture were identified by morphologic criteria and immunocytochemical staining.Various neurotrophic factors and growth factors were added individually to the cultures.Numbers of RGC in wells in which these agents had been added were compared with those from control wells(cultures without supplements). Results No or very few RGC were present in cell cultures containing medium without supplements or those supplemented with neurotrophin-3(NT-3),nerve growth factor (NGF),epidermal growth factor(EGF)amd plateletderived growth factor(PDGF).Numbers of RGC(per 10 fields)in cell cultures containing brain derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF),ciliary neurotrophic factor(CNTF),neurotrophin-4/5(NT-4/5)and basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF)wer 4.08,1.23,2.63 and 2.65,respectively,significantly more than found in the control cultures. Conclusions BDNF,NT-4/5,bFGF,CNTF improve survival of human RGC in vitro,while NGF,NT-3,EGF and PDGF do not. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 1999, 15: 149-152)
Objective To establish a culture system in vitro of fetal and adult human retinal neural cells provide a model for the basic research of retinal neural cells and the medicinal exploitation. Methods Fetal human retinas(10~13 weeks after conception) and adult human retinas(20~40 years old) were dissected, dissociated, and put into culture plate which was coated with polylysine or rat tail gel. Specific growth factor EGF、FGF、BDNF or NT-4 were added to the culture medium. BrdU incorporation, Tunnel assessment and immuno-histochemistry and immuno-fluorescent staining were applied to determine cells proliferation, apoptosis and identify the component of cultured cells. Results Fetal human retinal cells and adult human retinal cells survived for up to 100 and 180 days in vitro. The addition of EGF、FGF、BDNF or NT-4 promoted the survival of both fetal and adult retinal neurons and stimultated proliferation of fetal retinal cells. The neurons or the rate of ganglion cells was observed with higher percentage in the group with growth factor adding than the group without. Conclusion Fetal and adult human retinal cells can be maintained in vitro and the fetal cells also can be expanded, which are helpful to generate retinal neurons for basic research and drug exploitation. The exogenous growth factors added to the culture medium can promote survival, proliferation and differentiation of retinal cells in culture. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2002, 18: 279-282)
ObjectiveTo observe the clinical features, treatment and prognosis of ciliary body tumors. MethodsA retrospective clinical study. From November 2011 to March 2023, 8 cases (8 eyes) with ciliary body tumours confirmed by pathohistological examination at the Department of Ocular Oncology, Beijing Tongren Hospital were included in the study. Patients' age, gender, involved eyes, symptoms, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure, cataract, lens subluxation, and imaging manifestations were collected in detail. All affected eyes were treated surgically. The follow-up time after surgery ranged from 1 to 10 years. The patients' clinical presentation as well as imaging, pathohistological features and treatment and prognosis were analysed retrospectively. ResultsAmong 8 cases (8 eyes), there were 3 males (3 eyes) and 5 females (5 eyes), 3 and 5 eyes in the right and left eyes, respectively. The median age was 44 years. Ciliary body medulloepitheliomas, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, leiomyoma, schwannoma, and adenoma of the nonpigmcnted ciliary epithelium were in 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, and 1 eyes, respectively. All reported decreased or loss of vision. Cataract, vitreous opacity, red eye and or (ocular pain), retinal detachment, lens subluxation, and secondary glaucoma were 6, 4, 4, 2, 1, and 1 eyes, respectively. Diagnostic imaging was consistent with pathological findings in 3 eyes. The first surgery was performed for enucleation and orbital implantation in 2 eyes, the patients were 9 and 10 years old with medullary epithelioma; the follow-up time after surgery was 1 and 5 years, respectively. Local tumour resection was performed in 6 eyes. Among them, 3 eyes with benign tumours were followed up for 1 to 9 years after surgery; 2 eyes showed significant improvement in visual acuity, 1 eye with adenoma of the nonpigmcnted ciliary epithelium had a preoperative BCVA of finger count/1 m, and a postoperative BCVA of 0.5, and 1 eye with leiomyoma had a preoperative BCVA of 0.06, and a postoperative BCVA of 0.5; and 1 eye was lost to follow-up. Malignant tumour in 3 eyes, of which 2 eyes recurred after surgery. Re-operation for enucleation and local tumour excision combined with local cryotherapy in 2 eyes of recurrence were 1 eye each, respectively. The follow-up period after surgery was 2 and 4 years, respectively. No recurrence after surgery in 1 eye, but there was no significant improvement in visual acuity during follow-up. No recurrence or metastasis was observed in any of the eyes during the follow-up period or at the final follow-up.ConclusionsCiliary body tumour types and clinical presentations are complex and varied; imaging can detect tumours but is poor at determining the nature of the lesion. Benign tumours do well with local excision surgery; malignant tumours do well with enucleation.
Objective To observe the incidence of ciliary detachment and its relationship with intraocular hypotension soon after vitrectomy. Methods A total of 46 eyes of 46 patients who underwent vitrectomy were examined by ultrasound biomicroscope (UBM). The patients were divided into three groups according to different tamponade: gas group (11 eyes), silicone oil group (8 eyes) and balanced saline solution (BSS) group (27 eyes). Basing on the postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP), the patients were divided into two groups: IOPlt; 10 mm Hg (25 eyes) and IOPge;10 mm Hg (21 eyes). UBM was applied to determine the tomographic features of the ciliary body 3 days after the surgery. IOP were monitored by noncontact tonometer daily after the surgery. The eyes with ciliary detachment were then examined once a week till the ciliary detachment reattached. The followup period was from 14 to 35 days. Results After vitrectomy, ciliary detachment was observed in 20 eyes of 46 eyes (43.5%), The incidence of ciliary detachment was 27.3％ in gas group, 25.0％ in silicone oil group, and 55.6％in BSS group. The average IOP in eyes with ciliary detachment ［(6.47plusmn;4.49) mm Hg （1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa）］ was significantly lower than that in the eyes without ciliary detachmen ［(15.61plusmn;7.72) mm Hg］ (t=8.031,Plt;0.001). The incidence of ciliary detachment was higher in eyes with postoperative IOP lt;10 mm Hg (68.0％) than that in the eyes with postoperative IOP ge;10 mm Hg (14.3%) (chi;2＝15.60, Plt;0.001). All eyes with postoperative ciliary detachment got spontaneous reattachment within 30 days after the surgery except that one eye had optic disc edema due to severe intraocular hypotension. Conclusions Early postoperative ciliary detachment is a common complication after vitrectomy. Eyes filled with BSS have the highest incidence of postoperative ciliary detachment. Most of the patients with ciliary detachment may get spontaneous reattahment within 30 days after the surgery.