ObjectiveTo analyze the efficacy of one-stop carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG) for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) combined with carotid artery stenosis. MethodsThe clinical data of patients with CAD and severe carotid artery stenosis who underwent one-stop CEA and OPCABG in our department from March 2018 to June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Before the surgery, all patients routinely underwent coronary and carotid angiography to diagnose CAD and carotid artery stenosis. All patients underwent CEA first and then OPCABG in the simultaneous procedure. ResultsA total of 12 patients were enrolled, including 9 males and 3 females, aged 58-69 (63.7±3.4) years. All patients had unilateral severe carotid artery stenosis, and the degree of stenosis was 70%-90%. The lesions of carotid artery stenosis were located in the bifurcation of carotid artery or the beginning of internal carotid artery. All patients successfully underwent one-stop CEA combined with OPCABG. The number of bridging vessels was 2-4 (2.8±0.6). The operation time of CEA was 16-35 (25.7±5.6) min. There was no death during the perioperative or follow-up periods. No serious complications such as stroke and myocardial infarction occurred during the perioperative period. During the follow-up of 6-40 months, the patency rate of arterial bridge was 100.0% (12/12), and that of venous bridge was 95.5% (21/22). Cervical vascular ultrasound showed that the blood flow of carotid artery was satisfactory. ConclusionOne-stop CEA and OPCABG can be safely and effectively used to treat CAD and carotid artery stenosis. The early and middle-term curative effect is satisfactory.
Objective To assess the variation and its significance of messenger ribonucleic acid(mRNA) expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in allografts of common carotid transplantation model in white rabbits. Methods To establish an animal model of common carotid transplantation in vivo, 30 rabbits were divided into four groups with random number table. Group A (n=3): autografts; group B (n=9): allografts with the least treated; group C (n=9): allografts treated by penicillin/streptomycin and preserved under room temperature; group D (n=9): allografts treated by penicillin/streptomycin and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. All the transplanted grafts were harvested 1-3 weeks later, then compared and evaluated the histomorphological variation and eNOS mRNA expression. Results The vascular structures of autografts in group A were kept approximately normal, only a few infiltration of inflammatory cells could be found. The structural variations of allografts in other trial groups behaved similarly as, intima proliferation in the 1st week, intima hyperplasia in the 2nd week, and both intima and media hypertrophy in the 3rd week. And also there seemed that luminal thrombosis could be found in all the allografts. Allografts in group B were destructed utmost the worst in all the groups. The expression of eNOS mRNA in allografts of group B was significantly less than that in other groups (Plt;0.05). Conclusion The down-regulation of eNOS mRNA expression might lead to intima hyperplasia and thrombosis of allografts.
ObjectiveTo observe the morphological characteristics of internal carotid artery (ICA) siphon and ophthalmic artery (OA) in patients with non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) based on CT angiography (CTA) three-dimensional reconstruction of ICA siphon and OA models. MethodsA retrospective cohort study. From January 2017 to January 2019, 26 patients with 31 eyes (NAION group) who were diagnosed with NAION by ophthalmic examination at Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical Universitywere included in the study. Among them, there were 11 males with 13 eyes, and 15 females with 18 eyes; the age was 67.52±6.30 years old. Nineteen eyes of 19 non-affected contralateral eyes were selected as the contralateral eye group. Among them, there were 9 males with 9 eyes and 10 females with 10 eyes; the age was 65.95±5.66 years old. Twenty-six eyes of 26 age- and sex-matched subjects with normal fundus examination during the same period were selected as the normal control group. All subjects underwent best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure, fundus photography and CTA examination. The data obtained from CT scans were reconstructed by 3D model, and the anatomical morphology of ICA siphon was divided into U-shape, V-shape, C-shape and S-shape; the diameter of ICA siphon portion and the diameter at the beginning of OA were measured. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the diameter of the OA at the beginning of the OA and the diameter of the ICA siphon between the three groups of eyes. ResultsThe diameters at the beginning of OA in the NAION group, the contralateral eye group, and the normal control group were 1.17±0.20, 1.34±0.17, and 1.39±0.15 mm, respectively, and the differences among the three groups were statistically significant (F=12.325, P<0.05); there was no significant difference between the contralateral eye group and the normal control group (P=0.310). In the NAION group, the anatomical morphology of the ICA siphon was U-shaped and V-shaped in 20 (64.52%) and 8 (25.81%) eyes respectively, and S and C-shaped in 3 eyes (9.67%); in the contralateral eye group, in the control group, the ICA siphon shape of the eyes examined was U-shaped and V-shaped, and S-shaped and C-shaped were rare. The diameters of the ICA siphons in the NAION group, the contralateral eye group, and the normal control group were 3.50±0.69, 3.22±0.59, and 3.55±0.54 mm, respectively. There was no significant difference between the three groups (F=1.860, P=0.163). ConclusionU-shaped and V-shaped ICA siphons are more common in NAION-affected eyes; the diameter of the starting point of OA is significantly reduced.
Objective To compare the early compl ications of carotid stenting (CAS) and carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in treatment of carotid artery stenosis. Methods Between January 2005 and December 2007, 63 patients with carotid artery stenosis were treated with CEA in 36 cases (CEA group) and with CAS in 27 cases (CAS group). There were 42 males and 21 females with an average age of 67.5 years (range, 52-79 years). The locations were the left side in 28 cases and the rightside in 35 cases. The carotid stenosis was 60%-95% (mean, 79%). The major cl inical symptoms were stroke and transient ischemic attack. The cranial CT showed old cerebral infarction in 24 cases, lacunar infarction in 22 cases, and no obvious abnormal change in 17 cases. The encephalon, heart, and local compl ications were compared between 2 groups within 7 days after operation. Results In CEA group, encephalon compl ications occurred in 3 cases (8.3%), heart compl ications in 2 cases (5.6%), and local compl ications in 5 cases (13.9%); while in CAS group, encephalon compl ications occurred in 8 cases (29.6%), heart compl ications in 1 case (3.7%), and local compl ications in 3 cases (11.1%). The encephalon compl ication ratio of CAS group was significantly higher than that of CEA group (χ2=4.855, P=0.028); and there was no significant difference in other compl ications ratios between 2 groups (P gt; 0.05). Conclusion CEA is the first choice to treat carotid artery stenosis.
Objective To observe the choroidal blood flow and morphological changes in patients with severe stenosis of internal carotid artery stenosis (ICAS). Methods A retrospective case-control study. Forty-six patients (46 eyes) with ICAS were enrolled in this study. There was severe stenosis in one side (the eyes in this side were set as case group) and mild or no stenosis in other side (the eyes in this side were set as control group). Color doppler ultrasound (CDI) was used to observe the changes of hemodynamic parameters of the ophthalmic artery (OA) and posterior ciliary artery (PCA), the main parameters of ultrasound Doppler imaging are peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), resistance indices (RI) and the calculation of the pulsation indices (PI) through the use of a formula. Enhanced binarization of deep imaging coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) was used to measure the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT). The total subfoveal choroidal area (TCA), luminal (LA), stromal (SA) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) were obtained by modified image binarization technique. Results In the case group, the PSV in the OA and PCA was significantly lower than that of the control group (t=−2.200, −2.612; P=0.030, 0.011). There were no significant differences in EDV, RI, PI of OA (t=0.337, −1.810, −1.848; P=0.737, 0.074, 0.068) and PCA (t=−1.160, 1.400, 0.815; P=0.249, 0.165, 0.417). The SFCT (t=−3.711, P＜0.001), TCA (t=−2.736, P=0.007), LA (t=−3.188, P=0.002) and CVI (t=−2.096, P=0.039) of the case group was significantly lower than that of the control group. There were no significant differences in SA (t=−1.262, P=0.210) and LA/SA (t=−1.696, P=0.093). Conclusion In severe stenosis ICAS eyes, the PSV in the PCA and SFCT, TCA, LA, CVI are decreased.
ObjectiveTo observe the effects of carotid artery stenting (CAS) on ophthalmic artery blood flow in patients with ischemic ophthalmopathy (IOP).MethodsA prospective case-control study. Sixty IOP patients (60 eyes) who met inclusive criteria for CAS were enrolled in this study. There was 50% stenosis of internal carotid artery on one side at least confirmed by color doppler flow imaging (CDFI). Among 60 eyes, there were 3 eyes with central retinal artery occlusion, 15 eyes with retinal vein occlusion, 37 eyes with ischemic optic neuropathy, 5 eyes with ocular ischemia syndrome. The patients were randomly divided into CAS group (32 eyes of 32 patients) and medicine therapy group (28 eyes of 28 patients). The difference of age (t=1.804) and sex (χ2=1.975) between two groups was not significant (P＞0.05). The examinations of fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), CDFI and digital substraction angiography (DSA) were performed before, 1 week and 6 months after treatment. The following parameters were recorded: arm-retinal circulation time (A-Rct), peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), and resistance index (RI) in the ophthalmic artery (OA) and central retinal artery (CRA), and the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA).ResultsThere was no significant differences in A-Rct (t=1.354) and BCVA (t=0.376) between the two groups before treatment (P＞0.05). Also, there was no significant differences in PSV (t=−0.294, −2.446), EDV (t=0.141, −0.305), and RI (t=−0.222, −0.694) of OA and CRA between the two groups before treatment before treatment (P＞0.05). Compared with the medicine therapy group, the lower A-Rct was found in the CAS group at different time points after the treatment. The difference was significant on 1 week after treatment (t=−3.205, P＜0.05), but not on 6 months after treatment (t=1.345, P＞0.05). The BCVA of eyes in the two groups were increasing with the extending of time of therapy. Compared with the medicine therapy group, the better BCVA was found in the CAS group at different time points after the treatment (t=0.800, 1.527; P＜0.05). Compared with the medicine therapy group, the higher PSV, EDV and lower RI of OA and CRA were found in the CAS group at different time points after the treatment. (P＜0.05).ConclusionCompared with conventional medicine therapy, CAS shows earlier effects in improving ocular hemodynamics for IOP patients with carotid artery stenosis, which benefits visual function improvement of the patients.
Objective To observe the ocular hemodynamic changes and flow direction of ophthalmic artery of patients with severe internal carotid stenosis (ICAS) and investigate the relationship between flow direction of ophthalmic artery and degree of stenosis. Methods Forty eyes of 40 patients with unilateral highgrade ICAS (29 eyes, 72.5%) and internal carotid artery occlusion (11 eyes, 27.5%) diagnosed by color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) were enrolled in this study. There were 14 eyes (35.0%) with obvious ocular signs of ischemia, 26 eyes (65.0%) without obvious signs of ocular ischemia. The peak systolic velocity (PSV) of central retinal artery (CRA) was measured. The flow direction of the ophthalmic artery was observed by digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The PSV of CRA in eyes with different flow directions in the ophthalmic artery was comparatively analyzed. The relationship between flow direction of the ophthalmic artery and degree of stenosis was also analyzed. Results The PSV of CRA in ICAS eyes was (6.59plusmn;1.49) cm/s, which was decreased compared to fellow eye (8.95plusmn;1.35) cm/s, the difference was statistically significant (t=-7.24,P＜0.01). The PSV of CRA in eyes with signs of obvious ocular ischemia was (5.84plusmn;1.42) cm/s, which was decreased compared to eyes without signs of obvious ocular ischemia (7.00plusmn;1.39) cm/s, the difference was statistically significant (t=-2.49,P＜0.05). There were 15 eyes (37.5%) with retrograde flow in the ophthalmic artery, 25 eyes (62.5%) with forward flow of ophthalmic artery. The PSV of CRA in eyes with retrograde flow and forward flow of ophthalmic artery were (6.96plusmn;2.09), (7.01plusmn;1.42) cm/s, the difference was not statistically significant (t=-0.09，P＞0.05). Among 15 eyes with retrograde flow of ophthalmic artery, there were five eyes (33.3%) with unilateral high-grade ICAS, 10 eyes (66.7%) with internal carotid artery occlusion. The incidence rate of retrograde flow in the ophthalmic artery in eyes with internal carotid artery occlusion was higher than that in eyes with unilateral high-grade ICAS (P＜0.01). Conclusions The PSV of CRA in eyes with severe ICAS decreased compared to fellow eyes. The PSV of CRA in eyes with signs of obvious ocular ischemia also decreased compared to eyes without obvious signs of ocular ischemia. With the increase of the degree of the internal carotid artery stenosis, the incidence of retrograde flow of ophthalmic artery increased.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of staged carotid artery stenting and coronary artery bypass grafting in the treatment of coronary heart disease complicated with carotid stenosis. MethodsThe clinical data of patients with coronary heart disease and carotid stenosis treated in Fuwai Hospital from November 2019 to September 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent staged carotid artery stenting and coronary artery bypass grafting. The incidence and risk factors of severe complications such as myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction and death during the perioperative period and follow-up were analyzed. ResultsA total of 58 patients were enrolled, including 47 males and 11 females with an average age of 52-77 (64.2±5.6) years. No complications occurred before coronary artery bypass grafting. There was 1 myocardial infarction, 1 cerebral infarction and 1 death after the coronary artery bypass grafting. The early complication rate was 5.2%. During the follow-up of 18.3 months, 1 cerebral infarction and 2 deaths occurred, and the overall complication rate was 10.3%. According to Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis, patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis (log-rank, P=0.037) and placement of close-cell (log-rank, P=0.030) had a higher risk of postoperative ischemic cerebrovascular event, and patients with previous cerebral infarction had a higher risk of postoperative severe complications (log-rank, P=0.044). ConclusionStaged carotid artery stenting and coronary artery bypass grafting is safe and feasible for the treatment of coronary heart disease complicated with carotid stenosis.
Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and mechanisms of ocular manifestations related to carotid artery stenosis. Methods The general clinic data and related ocular manifestations in 124 patients with carotid artery stenosis were retrospectively. Results In the 124 patients, 36 (29%) had ocular manifestations, and 28 (22. 6 %) complained the ocular discomfort as the first symptom. Among the 36 patients, 31 patients (86.1%) had been disclosed unilateral or double stenosis of internal carotid artery by carotid Doppler ultrasound examination, and the result of digital subtract angiography revealed middle and severe degree of internal carotid artery stenosis in 8 and 23 patients respectively. There was no statistic difference of incidence of ocular manifestations between 67 patients of severe internal carotid artery stenosis and 34 patients with middle one（chi;２test,P =0.266 2，P＞0.05). The ocular manifestations included amaurosis fugax (52.8%),acute decline or loss of the visual ability and defect of visual fields (36.1%), binocular diplopia (13.9%), ptosis (13.9%), and persistent high intraocular pressure(2.8%) one patient might had several ocular manifestations simultaneously. In 36 patients, central retinal artery occlusion had been diagnosed in 4, venous stasis retinopathy in 1,central or branch retinal vein occlusion in 6, neovascular glaucoma in 1, and anterior ischemic opticneuropathy in 2. One patient with double occlusion of internal carotid artery didnrsquo;t have any ocular manifestation. Conclusion Carotid artery stenosis, especially internal carotid artery may lead to acute or chronic ocular ischemic lesions, and the occurrence of ocular manifestations in chronic ocular ischemic lesions relates to compensa tion of collateral circulation；patients with ocular ischemic lesions are recomm end to undergo a routine carotid artery examination. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2006,22:376-378)
Objective To develope a novel rabbit carotid body and carotid common artery model in vivo for the simulation of various intermittent hypoxia ( IH) intensities, IH durations, IH reoxygenation ( ROX) durations and continuous hypoxia ( CH) modes. Methods Forty-five adult New Zealand rabbits ( 2. 5-3. 0 kg) were anesthetized while spontaneous breathing kept intact. The tissue surrounding the right carotid common artery and carotid sinus nerve ( CSN) were cleared and " single" chemoreceptor bundle of the CSN was revealed. Then suction electrodes were placed and CSN afferent activity was monitored and recorded carefully. The right common carotid artery was exposed, cannulated to distal part and its proximal part was ligated. Preparations were challenged by changing the PO2 of the gas mixture equilibrating the perfusate. Alternatively perfusion ( 2 mL/min) of equilibrated perfusate bubbled with normoxia or hypoxia gas mixtures formed IH/ROX cycles in carotid common artery, simulating the pattern of hypoxic episodes seen in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome ( OSAS) , or with continuously perfusing hypoxia perfusate to form CH modes. All the perfusing procedures were regulated by a customized computer-controlled set and monitored using O2 gas analyzer. After the systematic exposures, carotid body, carotid common artery part distal to cannula, and carotid bifurcation were harvested as samples. Results The frequencies and average amplitudes of CSN chemoreceptor bundles afferent activities with normoxia perfusion were ( 0. 17 ±0. 03) impulse/ s and ( 46. 2 ±4. 4) μV, and with hypoxia perfusion were ( 0. 64 ±0. 09) impulse/ s and ( 87. 4 ±6. 6) μV, respectively. PO2 was ( 139 ±1. 5) mm Hg in normoxia perfusate and ( 35. 2 ±1. 3) mm Hg in hypoxia perfusate. Conclusion This new carotid body and carotid common arterymodel is a valuable tool to study neurological and biochemical changes in various IH and CH modes.