Objective To re-estimate price elasticity of different income groups’ demand for cigarette in terms of the lastest national tobacco consumption data and provide policy-makers with evidence to make decision on public policy of tobacco control. Methods A total of 16 056 adults of different income were surveyed in 27 provinces in 2002 and the data analyzed by using two-part model (logistic and log-linear model). Results We found that the demand elasticities were -0.589, -0.234, -0.017 and 0.247 for the poor group, low income group, middle income group and high income group, respectively. Conclusions Increasing tobacco tax will result in decreasing more cigarette consumption of lower income groups than higher groups, bearing more taxation of higher income groups than lower income groups, therefore tobacco taxation is not regressive.
目的:了解汶川地震老年伤员存在的身体结构与功能受损程度及活动、参与能力受限程度,明确其康复护理需求。方法:方便抽样的方法选取研究对象,采用自行设计的调查表由康复医师在征得其同意后对其完成资料的收集。结果:共选取研究对象40名。伤员存在多系统多器官的结构和功能受损,存在呼吸道感染者4例(10%),截肢者2例(5%),颅脑损伤导致瘫痪者1例(2.5%),骨折者28例(70%)。伤后早期即出现运动功能的下降,26例(65%)患者存在关节活动受限,26例(65%)肌力下降。疼痛是需要解决的一个重要问题,19例(47.5%)患者存在不同程度的疼痛问题。伤后老年伤员日常活动生活能力下降,生活能基本自理者仅13例(32.5%);参与能力受限也是一个不容忽视的问题,职业能力受限者36例(90%),休闲娱乐能力受限者33例(82.5%),社交能力受限者25例(62.5%)。结论:老年伤员的康复现状不容乐观,应该引起重视,康复治疗需要及早进行。
ObjectiveTo construct a demand model for electronic medical record (EMR) data quality in regards to the lifecycle in machine learning (ML)-based disease risk prediction, to guide the implementation of EMR data quality assessment. MethodsReferring to the lifecycle in ML-based predictive model, we explored the demand for EMR data quality. First, we summarized the key data activities involved in each task on predicting disease risk with ML through a literature review. Second, we mapped the data activities in each task to the associated requirements. Finally, we clustered those requirements into four dimensions. ResultsWe constructed a three-layer structured ring to represent the demand model for EMR data quality in ML-based disease risk prediction research. The inner layer shows the seven main tasks in ML-based predictive models: data collection, data preprocessing, feature representation, feature selection and extraction, model training, model evaluation and optimization, and model deployment. The middle layer is the key data activities in each task; and the outer layer represents four dimensions of data quality requirements: operability, completeness, accuracy, and timeliness. ConclusionThe proposed model can guide real-world EMR data governance, improve its quality management, and promote the generation of real-world evidence.
Objective To provide references for fast assessment after disasters in China by assessing articles on fast assessment of health needs after disasters. Methods We systematically searched CNKI, VIP, CBM, and PubMed from their establishments to Jan. 2011. The main results of the eligible articles were described. Results A total of 65 articles were included, of which introductions for methodology and cross-sectional studies accounted for 52.31% and 44.62%, respectively. Articles which focused on natural disasters made up 86.15% of the total. Post-disaster rapid assessment should include seismic death estimate and on-site public health assessment which contained the public health status in affected areas, health coping capacity, health condition of victims and health needs. Rapid assessment of seismic death mainly used methods based on GIS and ANN model. On-site public health assessment mainly used epidemiological field investigation. Questionnaires, interviews and surveillance of diseases were adopted. Conclusion Rapid post-disaster health needs assessment is one of the most important tasks after disasters, and the current rapid assessment methods need to be refined and improved.
ObjectiveTo investigate the checkup residents' requirements for the health management and its influence factors. MethodsThe data from 741 checkup clients were randomly sampled by questionnaire in checkup center in May, 2013, including 360 males and 381 females aged from 24 to 69 with an average of 43.5±11.2. ResultsThere were 668 valid questionnaires, with an effective rate of 90.1%. In these 326 males and 342 females, 589 (88.2%) had the consciousness of health management, 79 (11.8%) had no consciousness of health management; the health management services needs included:consultation offered by experts of examination report (556, 83.2%), health promotion plan (379, 56.7%), medical follow-up (301, 45.1%), green channel (280, 41.9%), health knowledge message (276, 41.3%) and lecture on health knowledge (200, 29.9%). The demand for health management differed in sex, age and checkup format(P<0.05), not in chronic disease conditions (P>0.05); the requirement for lecture differed in age and occupation(P<0.05); the requirement for health promotion plan differed in economic condition(P<0.05); the requirement for message and green channel differed in age and checkup pattern(P<0.05). ConclusionThe checkup residents' have high requirements for the health management and differ in health management services.
Objective To explore the allocation of necessary living goods for the emergency medical rescue teams at Lushan earthquake sites. Methods The living goods requirements of 59 emergency medical rescue members at Lushan earthquake sites were investigated using a questionnaire and then analyzed, in order to provide references for the allocation of necessary living goods for emergency medical rescue teams in future. Results The top five necessary living goods for emergency medical rescue members at earthquake sites were food, drinking water, toilet, communication product, and bedclothe. The needs of bath of the members who stayed longer than 3 days were more than the members who stayed shorter than 3 days, with a significant difference (Plt;0.05). The number of living goods that female members need were more than that male members need (Plt;0.05). Conclusion For improving the work efficiency and quality of life, emergency medical rescue teams need to be equipped with not only the medical supplies, but also necessary living goods based on the length of stay and the ratio between male and female.