ObjectiveTo investigate the protective effects and mechanism of selective histone deacetylases 6 (HDAC6) inhibitor 23BB in myoglobin-induced proximal tubular cell lines (HK-2).MethodsHK-2 cells were divided into 5 groups, including control group, myoglobin (200 μmol/L) group, myoglobin (200 μmol/L)+23BB (1.25 nmol/L) group, myoglobin (200 μmol/L)+4-phenylbutyric acid (2 mmol/L) group, and myoglobin (200 μmol/L)+23BB (1.25 nmol/L)+tunicamycin (25 ng/mL) group. Cells were collected at 24 hours after treatment. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related gene mRNA level and marker protein expression were evaluated by RT-PCR and Western blotting, including glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP homology protein (CHOP), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor 6.ResultsIn in vitro study, ER stress-related mRNA of GRP78, IRE1α, PERK, and CHOP and marker protein expression of GRP78 and CHOP were found to increase in response to myoglobin treatment. Either administration of 23BB or 4-PBA could alleviate myoglobin-induced these changes.ConclusionThe protective effect of HDAC6 inhibitor 23BB is through the inhibition of myoglobin-induced ER stress in HK-2 cells.
Atrial fibrillation is a common arrhythmia associated with high mortality and morbidity, and the current treatment of atrial fibrillation is still limited. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease and promotes the occurrence of atrial fibrillation. Inhibition of HDAC may be a new therapeutic strategy through the regulation of atrial remodeling. Therefore, we reviewed the research progress of the HDAC and atrial fibrillation.
Objective To investigate the expression of the histone deacetylases 1( HDAC1) and the level of whole histone acetylation and methylation in lung T cells of asthmatic rats, and investigate their role in the pathogenesis of asthma.Methods Sixteen wistar rats were randomly divided into a control group and an asthma group( n =8 in each group) . The rats was sensitized with ovalbumin( OVA) and challenged with aerosol OVA to establish asthma model. The asthmatic ratmodel was confirmed by measurement of pulmonary function, histochemical staining, HE staining, and the levels of interleukin-4 ( IL-4 ) , interferon-gamma ( IFN-γ) and immunoglobulin E( IgE) in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ( BALF) . T cells were isolated fromrat lungs and the purity was identified. The expression of the HDAC1, the level of whole histone H3 and H4 acetylation, and whole H3K9 dimethylation were analyzed by Western blot in lung T cells. Results Compared with the control group, the protein expression of HDAC1 was significantly lower( 0. 465±0. 087 vs 0. 790 ±0. 076, P lt;0. 05) in lung T cells of the asthma group. No significant differences werefound in regard to the level of whole histone H3 and H4 acetylation and whole H3K9 dimethylation betweenthe two groups. Conclusions HDAC1 in lung T cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of asthma.Histone modification by HDAC1 may be a specific eventwith gene transcription which may not be associated with asthma.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the expression level of histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9) in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) tissues, to analyze its correlations with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of LUSC patients, and to explore the effect it exerts on the proliferation of LUSC cells.MethodsThe expression level of HDAC9 was detected by immunohistochemistry staining (IHC), and its correlations with clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed by χ2 test. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model were employed to analyze independent predictors for overall survival (OS) of LUSC patients. CRISPR/dCas9 activation system was used to activate the transcription of HDAC9 gene in LUSC cell line EBC-1. CCK8 cell proliferation assay and colony formation test were performed to investigate the effect that transcriptional activation of HDAC9 exerts on the proliferation of LUSC cells.ResultsOf the 129 LUSC patients, 39 (30.2%) were in the HDAC9 low expression group and 90 (69.8%) were in the HDAC9 high expression group. The OS of the patients with HDAC9 high expression was shorter than that of patients with HDAC9 low expression (P=0.032). The expression level of HDAC9 was associated with tumor grade (P=0.035), primary tumor size (P=0.041), and lymph node metastasis (P=0.013). The expression level of HDAC9 (P=0.023), tumor grade (P=0.003), primary tumor size (P=0.003), and lymph node metastasis (P=0.002) were independent predictors for OS of LUSC patients. Transcriptional activation of HDAC9 promoted colony formation of LUSC cells and cell proliferating curves showed that LUSC cells with HDAC9 transcriptional activation proliferated faster than non-targeting cells (F=52.7, P=0.002).ConclusionLUSC patients with HDAC9 high expression have poorer prognosis than HDAC9 low expression ones. The expression level of HDAC9 is associated with tumor grade, primary tumor size, and lymph node metastasis, and is identified as an independent predictor for prognosis of LUSC. Transcriptional activation of HDAC9 promotes cell proliferation in LUSC. These results suggest that HDAC9 may serve as a promising biomarker for prognosis in LUSC.
As the COVID-19 pandemic is intensifying globally, more and more people are pinning their hopes on the development of vaccines. At present, there are many research teams who have adopted different vaccine technology routes to develop 2019-nCoV vaccines. This article reviews and analyzes the current development and research status of 2019-nCoV vaccines in different routes, and explores their possible development in the future.
Objective To investigate the effects of DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (DNMTi) and histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDCAi) on expression of E-cadherin gene and invasiveness of cholangiocarcinoma cell. Methods According to different treatment, the QBC939 cells were divided into four groups: blank control group, hydralazine group, valproic acid group and hydralazine and valproic acid combined group. After 48 h, the expression of E-cadherin was evaluated by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), mehtylation specific PCR (MSP) and Western blot, the invasiveness of QBC939 cells was evaluated by Transwell method. Results There was no expression of E-cadherin mRNA and protien in blank control group and valproic acid group. The expressions of E-cadherin mRNA and protien in hydralazine and valproic acid combined group were higher than those in hydralazine group ( P ＜ 0.01), while the invasiveness of QBC939 cells of hydralazine and valproic acid combined group was much lower than that of blank control group, hydralazine group and valproic acid group ( P ＜ 0.01). Conclusion DNMTi and HDACi can synergistically re-express E-cadherin gene and weaken the invasiveness of QBC939 cell, which plays an important part in treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.
ObjectiveTo investigate the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of selective histone deacetylases inhibitor MS-275 on rats after seizures. MethodsA total of 75 rats were randomly divided into 5 groups for treatment:control group,pilocarpine group, treatment group Ⅰ(administered with MS-275, 20mg/kg, once a day,intraperitoneally in 7 consecutive days), treatment group Ⅱ(administered with MS-275, 40mg/kg, once a day, intraperitoneally in 7 consecutive days), MS-275 pretreatment group. We used lithium and pilocarpin to induce seizures. Behaviors of rats in each group were observed. At 72 hours after seizures, Nissl staining and immunohistochemical were respectively used to evaluate the loss of neurons and histone acetylation levels of hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions in each group. Escape latency in the control group, treatment group Ⅰ, treatment group Ⅱ and MS-275 pretreatment group were longer than pilocarpine group(P<0.05). ResultsCompared with the pilocarpine group, rats in MS-275 pretreatment group could delay pilocarpine-induced seizures and reduce mortality (P<0.05). Degree of neuronal loss and degeneration in both treatment group Ⅰ and treatment group Ⅱ were reduced compared with the pilocarpine group (P<0.05) and the level of histone acetylation in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions of the rats were increased compared with the pilocarpine group (P<0.05). ConclusionHDACs inhibitors MS-275 can improve the neuronal damage, histone deacetylation of rats' brain and rats cognitive decline, which can exert an neuroprotective effect on rats after seizures, whose mechanism may be related to its antiinflammatory effect.
Objective To investigate the effects of histone modification on the expression of chemokines in alveolar epithelial typeⅡ cells ( AECⅡ) in a rat model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD) . Methods 20 SD rats were randomly assigned to a normal control group and a COPD group. The rat model of COPD was established by cigarette smoking. Lung histological changes were observed by HE staining. AECⅡ cells were isolated and identified by alkaline phosphatase staining and electron microscopic. The mRNA expressions of monocyte chemoattractant protein ( MCP) -1, IL-8, and macrophage inflammatory protein ( MIP) -2αwere detected by real-time quantitative PCR. The expression of histone deacetylase ( HDAC) 2 was measured by western blot. Chromatin immunoprecipitation ( ChIP) was used todetect H3 and H4 acetylation, and H4K9 methylation in the promoter region of chemokine gene. Results Compared with the control group, the mRNA expressions of MCP-1, IL-8, and MIP-2αin the COPD group increased 4. 48,3. 14, and 2. 83 times, respectively. The expression of HDAC2 protein in the COPD group wassignificantly lower than in the control group ( 0. 25 ±0. 15 vs. 0. 66 ±0. 15, P lt; 0. 05) . The expression of HDAC2 had a negative correlation with the gene expressions of IL-8, MCP-1, and MIP-2α( r = - 0. 960,- 0. 914, - 0. 928, respectively, all P lt;0. 05) . The levels of H3 and H4 acetylation were higher, and H4K9 methylation level was lower in the promoter region of chemokine gene in the COPD group compared with the control group ( all P lt; 0. 05) . Conclusions MCP-1, IL-8, and MIP-2α participate and promote the lung inflammatory response in COPD. HDAC2-mediated histone modification may play an important role in COPD inflammation.
ObjectiveTo summarize mechanism of DNA methylation and histone methylation in liver fibrosis.MethodThe literatures on the DNA methylation and histone methylation during the liver fibrosis were reviewed and analyzed.ResultsThe DNA methylation and histone methylation were the important components of epigenetics. The up-regulation or down-regulation of genes during the liver fibrosis leaded to the activation or inactivation of the subsequent pathways. For example, the PTEN, SEPT9, Smad7, etc. were hypermethylated and the expressions were decreased in the liver fibrosis. The Spp1 was hypomethylated and the expression was increased in the liver fibrosis.ConclusionsMethylation affects expression of genes by altering epigenetics of genes. Systematic and in-depth study of role and mechanism of methylation in liver diseases provides a new direction and locations for some target treatments for liver disease.