Urology is an ancient academic discipline, and its rapid development is due to the combination between medicine and engineering. The development of urology in China is an example of the combination of industry-academia-research based on the progress of science and technology. This paper mainly summarizes the recent advances of interdisciplinary combination between medicine and engineering in urology.
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are critical for regulation of tolerance, control immune responses to self-antigens thereby preventing autoimmunity, and limiting responses to foreign antigens thereby minimizing T cell-mediated immunopathology. Recent data indicate that suppression of organ-specific autoimmunity is dependent on the antigen specificity of Treg. An emerging model of Treg action is that organ-specific Treg acquire suppressive activity through activation by dendritic cells expressing specific antigens. Thus, the efficacy of Treg-based therapy should be increased by using antigen-specific Treg rather than polyclonal Treg. It is necessary to identify relevant antigens and to expand antigen-specific Treg from polyclonal populations. Here, we discuss recent techniques for expansion of antigen-specific Treg, function and antigen specificity of Treg and the therapeutic potential of Treg in controlling autoimmune disease and inducing transplant tolerance.
目的 将下眼袋和鱼尾纹同时解决，改善颞部和面中部皮肤老化，不增加额外瘢痕，改变采用传统面部除皱术时所产生的头皮瘢痕、脱发、创伤较大、恢复时间长的缺点。 方法 对2010年3月－2012年12月收治的23例患者利用眼袋切口将眼轮匝肌瓣固定于眶外侧缘的骨膜上，然后再通过颞部除皱切口皮下潜行分离，导针埋线悬吊固定于颞侧颅骨骨膜上，将松垂的皮肤及筋膜上移、提紧。 结果 对23例随访6个月～2年，瘢痕不明显，无脱发等并发症均取得医患双方满意的效果。 结论 此方法简单易行，可在门诊患者局麻下进行；创伤轻，恢复较快。颞部切口减张缝合，瘢痕轻微，可预防脱发。
ObjectiveTo summarize and analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with thyroiditis who would be misdiagnosed with thyroid tumor easily. MethodThe clinical data of 19 patients with thyroiditis who were misdiag-nosed with thyroid tumor in our department from 2009 to 2012 were analyzed retrospectively. ResultsAll of 19 patients underwent surgery, among which 8 cases were diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis after operation, 10 cases diagnosed with subacute thyroiditis, and 1 case diagnosed with suppurative thyroiditis.Different surgery program such as the biopsy or wedge resection was adopted to the subacute thyroiditis and the chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis respec-tively. ConclusionSometimes, it is very difficult to distinguish atypical thyroiditis from thyroid tumor so that we must pay attention to the patients who had nontumorous characteristics in order to decrease the misdiagnosis.
Objective To find the difference between the collagenase activity and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) expression level in normal urethral tissue and in urethral scar tissue, and to study the effect of collagenase activity and TIMP-1 expression level on the degradation of urethral scar. Methods The urethral tissues were derived from 10 human surgical specimens of urethral stricture scar and 10 human normal urethral specimens from patients with brain death. The collagenase activity was detected by ELISA assay, and the TIMP-1 mRNA level by RT-PCR. Results The collagenase activity of urethral scar tissue was (15.32±2.29) U and lower than that of normal urethral tissue (24.67±6.78) U, there was significant difference between them (P lt; 0.01). The TIMP-1 expression level of urethral scar tissue was higher than that of normal urethral tissue, there was significant difference between them (P lt; 0.05). Conclusion The high level of TIMP-1 expression and the low collagenase activity in urethral scar tissue may inhibit the degradation of urethral scar, and may be one of important causes of the scar tissue hyperplasia.
Objective To compare and assess the efficacy of ventral/dorsal onlay graft urethroplasty in the treatment of urethral stricture. Methods We searched pertinent English literature via MEDLINE (1966 to 2007), EMBASE (1977 to 2007) and The Cochrane Library (Issue 4, 2007) for the use of ventral/dorsal graft urethroplasty in the reconstruction of urethral defect associated with urethral stricture. Data were extracted by two reviewers independently and analyzed by SPSS 13.0 software. Results A total of 50 studies involving 1 264 patients were included. Ventral onlay graft urethroplasty was used in 751 patients with a success rate of 82.6%, while dorsal onlay graft urethroplasty was used in 513 patients with a success rate of 86.9% (ventral vs. dorsal, χ2=4.432, P=0.035). Oral mucosa graft had the highest success rate (88.1%) of all grafts, and the success rate of free skin graft onlay urethroplasty was associated with the location of graft placement (ventral vs. dorsal, P=0.016). Concerning the location of stricture, urethroplasty for bulbar urethral stricture achieved the best results, with a success rate of 87.7%, which was also associated with the location of graft placement (ventral vs. dorsal, P=0.025). Conclusion Dorsal onlay graft urethroplasty is better than ventral onlay. It is better to place the free skin graft in the dorsal part of urethra. Bulbar urethral stricture is more suitable for graft onlay urethroplasty than penile urethral stricture.
ObjectiveTo explore the nursing intervention effect on pre-hypertension. MethodsA total of 240 prehypertension patients in our community from July 2012 to January 2013 were randomly divided into observation group and control group with 120 patients in each group. No intervention was carried out for the control group. Blood pressure profile was established for the observation group and health education, exercise intervention, diet and body weight intervention measures were also given to the patients in this group. The improvement of life behavior and blood pressure control, and the awareness of hypertension health knowledge were compared between the two groups. ResultsAwareness of the disease knowledge, risk factors, complications, prevention and treatment in the observation group was significantly better than those in the control group (P<0.05). After intervention, the improvement scores of diet control, exercise increase, smoking quitting and alcohol drinking control in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and body mass index after intervention in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). ConclusionCommunity nursing intervention can increase the health knowledge in pre-hypertensive patients, help patients establish a good way of life and control blood pressure effectively, and reduce the incidence of hypertension.