Objective To understand pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of metaplastic breast cancer (MBC), and to provide some new ideas for clinical diagnosis and treatment, and exploration of scientific research for it. Method The relevant literatures of the latest research on MBC were reviewed and analyzed. Results At present, the pathogenesis of the MBC was still uncertain. The incidence of the MBC was lower, and it’s clinical manifestations were not specific. Compared with the invasive breast cancer, the tumor diameter was larger, the growth was faster, the differentiation degree was lower, the risks of the local and distant metastases were higher, while the lymph node metastasis was rare. Because of the clinical manifestation, auxiliary examination, and imaging examinations were lack of specificity, the diagnosis was difficult. Although the preoperative puncture could provide a reliable diagnosis evidence, it was difficult for distinguishing and accurate diagnosis due to it’s more subtypings. Some of the specific molecular targets could provide a help for it. At present, the modified radical mastectomy was often performed, the axillary lymph node metastasis was relatively rare in the MBC, so the sentinel lymph node biopsy was more important in the treatment of the MBC. The therapeutic effect was limited by the endocrine therapy, targeted therapy, or neoadjuvant chemotherapy and was poor by the systemic chemotherapy. Although the radiotherapy and chemotherapy could improve the overall survival and prolong the disease-free survival and control the local recurrence, the difference of it’s therapeutic effect was great due to the complex MBC typing. Conclusions MBC is a highly malignant and strongly invasive tumor, and it has more subtypings. Clinical manifestation and preoperative examination are lack of specificity, hence it is easy for misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis. Unified treatment guideline is lack of, prognosis is poor. So, it needs to explore some new treatment methods and formulate standardized treatment guidelines in order to achieve a better therapeutic effect.
Renal cancer is a common malignant tumor and the deadliest cancer of the urinary and reproductive system. Given the increasing incidence rate of kidney cancer, timely intervention of its controllable risk factors is crucial. Antimicrobial agent is widely used worldwide, and in recent years, some studies have found that long-term use of antimicrobial agent is associated with an increased risk of kidney cancer. The mechanism may involve multiple factors such as nephrotoxicity of antimicrobial agent and intestinal flora imbalance. This article reviews the relationship between long-term use of antimicrobial agent and risk of kidney cancer, and explores possible mechanisms, to understand the impact of long-term use of antimicrobial agent on the risk of kidney cancer, and to provide more references for early prevention of kidney cancer and rational use of antimicrobial agent.
The skin is the largest organ of the human body, and many visceral diseases will be directly reflected on the skin, so it is of great clinical significance to accurately segment the skin lesion images. To address the characteristics of complex color, blurred boundaries, and uneven scale information, a skin lesion image segmentation method based on dense atrous spatial pyramid pooling (DenseASPP) and attention mechanism is proposed. The method is based on the U-shaped network (U-Net). Firstly, a new encoder is redesigned to replace the ordinary convolutional stacking with a large number of residual connections, which can effectively retain key features even after expanding the network depth. Secondly, channel attention is fused with spatial attention, and residual connections are added so that the network can adaptively learn channel and spatial features of images. Finally, the DenseASPP module is introduced and redesigned to expand the perceptual field size and obtain multi-scale feature information. The algorithm proposed in this paper has obtained satisfactory results in the official public dataset of the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC 2016). The mean Intersection over Union (mIOU), sensitivity (SE), precision (PC), accuracy (ACC), and Dice coefficient (Dice) are 0.901 8, 0.945 9, 0.948 7, 0.968 1, 0.947 3, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the method in this paper can improve the segmentation effect of skin lesion images, and is expected to provide an auxiliary diagnosis for professional dermatologists.
Atrial fibrillation(AF) is the most common disorder of cardiac rhythm. It has a high morbidity, mortality and disability, and serious impact on quality of life of patients. It is demonstrated that atrial remodeling which includes atrial electrical remodeling and structural remodeling,are the central contributors to the development and selfperpetuating of AF. However, The mechanisms that underlie the atrial remodeling process in AF have not yet been completely elucidated. New strategies for the prevention and termination of AF should build on our knowledge of the mechanisms of atrial remodeling. Medication for the reversal of atrial remodeling may be the new target for the treatment of AF. At present, drugs that target atrial remodeling have already obtained fruitful results in the experimental and clinical investigations. Now some recent advancements of this area is reviewed in this article.