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感染性心内膜炎伴深静脉血栓形成护理一例

以脾梗死为首发的感染性心内膜炎误诊一例

120例感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的总结 120例感染性心内膜炎（ IE）的围术期处理经验，探讨手术时机和方法。方法回顾性分析华中科技大学附属协和医院 2006年 1月至 2011年 4月 120例感染性心内膜炎患者接受手术治疗的临床资料，男 75例，女 45例；年龄 4～ 73（44±3）岁。以发热为主就诊 36例，术前心功能不全 54例，脑栓塞 10例，血培养阳性 20例，超声心动图证实心内有赘生物形成 111例。所有患者均在体外循环下进行赘生物清除、心瓣膜置换术及原发心脏病矫正手术。术后继续使用抗生素治疗 4～ 6周。结果全组患者术后住院时间 14～ 60（20±6）d，无手术死亡。全组术后死亡 5例；生存出院 115例，出院患者随访 3个月～ 4年，均恢复良好。术后发生并发症 20例，再次手术患者 2例。结论感染性心内膜炎应做到早发现、早诊断、早治疗，并掌握好手术时机和原则，恰当的围手术期处理，可取得良好的效果。

Operative Opportunity for Active Infective Endocarditis

【摘要】　目的　探讨活动期感染性心内膜炎（infectiue endocarditis，IE）患者心脏手术的最佳时期。　方法　回顾分析1999年9月-2009年9月行外科治疗的92例IE患者的临床资料。IE诊断标准为修订的Duke标准。采用SPSS 12.0软件包，分析了年龄、性别、是否是院内感染IE、合并症（糖尿病、慢性阻塞性肿疾病、癌症）、病原菌、手术时间等因素与手术并发症及6个月病死率的关系。　结果　56例患者在确诊为IE后7 d内手术，36例患者在确诊7 d后，并抗生素治疗完成后手术。葡萄球菌为主要感染菌株，与栓塞、脓肿及感染性休克显著相关。最常见的手术指征是重度的瓣膜关闭不全合并心功能不全。6个月的病死率为12%。早期手术与晚期手术比较，病死率增高。单因素分析显示，与6个月病死率相关的因素包括葡萄球菌感染和感染性休克。多因素分析显示感染性休克为6个月内死亡的预测因子。感染性休克的患者尽管行了早期手术，病死率仍为67%。严重瓣膜关闭不全的患者，若未出现心衰，无手术（早期或晚期）死亡。　结论　手术患者的预后由是否发生过感染性休克决定。晚期手术组患者结果好于早期手术组，但结果的差异可能并不是手术的时期不同，而是感染性心内膜炎的严重程度不同造成的。对于有重度瓣膜返流但无心衰的患者，早期手术可能在缩短住院时间，预防心衰发生上有帮助。【Abstract】　Objective　To discuss the optimal time of cardiac operations in patients with infective endocarditis (IE).　Methods　We analyzed the clinical data of 92 patients with IE diagnosed by the modified Duke criteria between September 1999 and September 2009. SPSS 12.0 was used to analyze predictors of 6-month mortality, including age, sex, nosocomial origin of infection, comorbid conditions (diabetes, chromic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer), the causative microorganisms, the timing of cardiac operation, and the complications.　Results　Fifty-six patients underwent operation within the first 7 days after diagnosis of infective endocarditis, and 36 received operation at the completion of antibiotic treatment 7 days after the diagnosis. Staphylococci predominated and were significantly associated with embolism, abscess, and septic shock. The most frequent indication for operation was severe regurgitation with heart failure. The 6-month mortality was 12%. Early operation showed an increased mortality compared with late operation. Univariate analysis showed that factors associated with 6-month mortality included staphylococci infection and septic shock. Multivariate analysis revealed that septic shock was a predictor of 6-month mortality. Despite early operation for patients with septic shock, 67% of them died. No death occurred to patients with severe regurgitation but without heart failure after undergoing (early or late) operations.　Conclusions　The prognosis for surgically treated patients is determined by the occurrence of septic shock. The outcome in patients undergoing late operations is favorable compared with patients undergoing early operations. This difference is probably not due to the timing of the surgical intervention but to the severity of infective endocarditis. In patients with severe regurgitation without heart failure, early operation may offer benefits in shortening the length of hospitalization and preventing development of heart failure.

心源性脑栓塞患者的心瓣膜置换术

摘要： 目的 [HTSS]探讨心源性脑栓塞患者行心瓣膜置换术的手术时机、疗效，总结围手术期处理经验。 方法 回顾性分析1999年6月至2008年10月42例心源性脑栓塞患者接受心瓣膜置换术的临床资料，男25例，女17例；年龄28~64岁，平均年龄45.5岁；病程0.5~30.0年。风湿性心脏病31 例，感染性心内膜炎11 例；行二尖瓣置换术27例，主动脉瓣置换术11例，二尖瓣和主动脉瓣联合瓣膜置换术4例；同期行三尖瓣成形术18例，左心房血栓清除术22例。 结果 术后早期（30 d内）死亡4例，手术死亡率9.52%；其中死于鱼精蛋白过敏、严重肺部感染、急性肾功能衰竭、脑出血和广泛脑栓塞各1例；其余患者均顺利出院，术后平均住院时间为12.5 d。随访35例，随访时间2~112个月，随访期间死亡5例，其中1例术后1个月余因头部外伤致颅内出血死亡，1例3年后死于脑出血，1例5年后死于肺癌， 2例6年后死于心力衰竭；其余患者生存状况良好。失访3例。 结论 心源性脑栓塞患者行心瓣膜置换术效果良好，应根据心瓣膜病变程度、心功能状况以及脑栓塞的程度决定手术时机。脑栓塞后有以下情况者可尽早手术治疗：（1）急性心力衰竭、心功能Ⅳ级，经内科保守治疗效果不佳；（2）梗塞灶小，偏瘫轻，或偏瘫后恢复快；（3）伴左心房血栓或心瓣膜赘生物，短期内可能再次栓塞者。加强围手术期处理是手术成功的重要因素。

Diagnosis and Treatment for Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis

Abstract: Objective To summarize the experiences of treatment for prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE), paying special emphasis on some interrelated conceptions of PVE, its microbiology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Methods From September 1979 to September 2009, 33 patients diagnosed to have PVE were treated in our department. There were 17 males and 16 females. Their age ranged from 19 to 57 years old with an average age of 34 years. The incidence of PVE was 1.48% （33/2 236）including 1.03%（16/1 551）, 3.00%（7/233）, 2.28%（10/438）, and 0% of PVE in mitral valve replacement (MVR), aortic valve replacement (AVR), double valve replacement (DVR), tricuspid valve replacement (TVR), respectively. Pure medical treatment (Penicillin or Vancomycin with other broadspectrum antibiotics, Fluconazole and Amphotericin) was performed on 22 patients. Combined medical and surgical treatment was performed in 11 patients. The patients underwent operation after adequate antibiotics treatment and general condition improvement. The infective tissue and vegetation were completely debrided after the infective prosthetic valve was removed. Before the new valve was transplanted, paravalvular tissue was cleaned with antibiotics, iodine solution and normal saline. Results Hospital death occurred in 19 patients (86.36%) and only 3 patients (13.64%) recovered in the group with pure medical treatment. The main reasons for death were infective shock and cardiac failure in 9 patients, and cerebral complications including embolism, bleeding and multipleorgan failure in 10 patients. For the group with combined medical and surgical treatment, 10 patients (90.91%) survived and only one patient (9.09%) died of multipleorgan failure. Follow-up was done in 13 patients for 6 months to 15 years averaging 41 months. During the follow-up, only one patient was reoperated because of the paravalvular leak eight year later. There was no PVE recurrence in all the rest patients. Conclusion Compared with pure medical treatment, combined medical and surgical treatment is a better solution for PVE.

Retrospective study of the diagnosis and treatment of culture-negative aortic infective endocarditis

ObjectiveTo discuss the diagnosis and treatment of culture-negative aortic infective endocarditis.MethodsThe clinical data of 73 patients with infective endocarditis of the aortic valve whose results of bacteria culture were negative from January 2013 to January 2018 were retrospectively analyzed, including 59 males and 14 females aged 14-71 (39.2±14.8) years.ResultsSixty seven (91.8%) patients received aortic valve replacement, 2 (2.7%) patients received the second operation in hospital, and 12 (16.4%) patients had concomitant mitral valvuloplasty. In-hospital death occurred in 8 (11.0%) patients. Postoperatively, 11 (20.7%) patients had a low cardiac output and 4 (11.0%) patients had heart block, and 1 patient required implantation of a permanent pacemaker. The 1- and 5- year survival rates were 92.3%±2.3% and 84.5%±4.5%, respectively.ConclusionThere are difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of culture-negative infective endocarditis. Most of the affected patients are in a healed status, which could be a cause of negative culture results. In-hospital mortality in the patients is associated with a history of previous cardiac surgery, whereas the long-term survival rate is good for the patients after surgery.

Mitral Valvuloplasty for the Treatment of Infective Endocarditis and Mitral Regurgitation

ObjectiveTo investigate clinical outcomes of mitral valvuloplasty (MVP)for the treatment of infective endocarditis (IE)and mitral regurgitation (MR). MethodsFrom March 2002 to January 2012, 33 patients with IE and MR underwent MVP in Fu Wai Hospital. There were 23 male and 10 female patients with their age of 10-67 (35.7±17.8)years. Thirteen patients had previous cardiac anomalies. Preoperatively, there were 5 patients with mild MR, 15 patients with moderate MR and 13 patients with severe MR. There were 5 patients in New York Heart Association (NYHA)functional classⅠ, 23 patients in classⅡ, 4 patients in classⅢ and 1 patient in classⅣ. All the patients received MVP including 14 patients received MVP in active phase of IE. Concomitantly, 6 patients received aortic valve replacement, 5 patients received tricuspid valvuloplasty, 1 patient received coronary artery bypass grafting, 1 patient received resection of left atrial myxoma and 1 patient received repair of aortic sinus aneurysm. Surgical procedures included pericardial patch closure of leaflet perforation in 5 patients, leaflet excision and suturing in 17 patients, double-orifice method in 3 patients, chordae transfer and artificial chordae implantation in 5 patients, and annuloplastic ring implantation in 15 patients. ResultsOne patient died of acute myocardial infarction 7 days after the operation. All other 32 patients were successfully discharged. Echocardiography before discharge showed left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD, 48.9±7.6 mm)and left atrial diameter (LAD, 31.7±7.4 mm)were significantly smaller than preoperative values (P=0.000). Thirty-two patients were followed up for 6-125 (73.0±38.6)months. There was no death, IE recurrence, bleeding or thromboembolism during follow-up. One patient received mitral valve replacement for mitral stenosis 3 years after discharge. There were 25 patients in NYHA func-tional classⅠ, 5 patients in classⅡand 2 patients in classⅢ. There were 4 patients with mild MR, 1 patient with moderate MR, and 26 patients had no MR. One patient had faster mitral inflow at diastolic phase (1.7 m/s). One patient had moderate aortic regurgitation. LVEDD and LAD during follow-up were not statistically different from those before discharge. Left ventricular ejection fraction during follow-up was significantly higher than that before discharge (60.9%±6.6% vs. 57.5%±6.7%, P=0.043). ConclusionMVP is a reliable surgical procedure for patients with IE and MR, and can significantly reduce left atrial and left ventricular diameter and improve cardiac function postoperatively.

Clinical efficacy of valve surgery for infective endocarditis in 343 patients: A retrospective study in a single center

ObjectiveTo analyze the clinical efficacy of valve surgeries for infective endocarditis and the affecting factors, and compare the early- and long-term postoperative outcomes of different surgery approaches. MethodsThe patients with infective endocarditis who underwent valve replacement/valvuloplasty in our hospital from 2010 to 2022 were retrospectively collected. The clinical data of the patients were analyzed. ResultsA total of 343 patients were enrolled, including 197 patients with mechanical valve replacement, 62 patients with bioprosthetic valve replacement, and 84 patients with valvuloplasty. There were 238 males and 105 females with an average age of (44.2±14.8) years. Single-valve endocarditis was present in 200 (58.3%) patients, and multivalve involvement was present in 143 (41.7%) patients. Sixty (17.5%) patients had suffered thrombosis before surgery, including cerebral embolisms in 32 patients. The mean follow-up time was (60.6±43.8) months. Early mortality within one month after the surgery occurred in 17 (5.0%) patients, while later mortality occurred in 19 (5.5%) patients. Eight (2.3%) patients underwent postoperative dialysis, 13 (3.8%) patients suffered postoperative stroke, 6 patients underwent reoperation, and 3 patients suffered recurrence of infective endocarditis. Smoking (P=0.002), preoperative embolisms (P=0.001), duration of surgery (P=0.001), and postoperative dialysis (P=0.001) were risk factors for early mortality, and left ventricular ejection fraction ≥60% (P=0.022) was protective factor for early mortality. New York Heart Association classification Ⅲ-Ⅳ (P=0.010) and ≥3 valve procedures (P=0.028) were risk factors for late mortality. The rate of composite endpoint events was significantly lower in the valvuloplasty group than that in the valve replacement group. ConclusionFor patients with infective endocarditis, smoking and preoperative embolisms are associated with high postoperative mortality, multiple-valve surgery is associated with a poorer prognosis, and valvuloplasty has advantages over valve replacement and should be attempted in the surgical management of patients with infective endocarditis.

感染性心内膜炎的诊断及外科治疗

目的　探讨感染性心内膜炎的临床特点、手术时机选择及围术期处理。　方法　回顾分析 2 8例感染性心内膜炎患者手术治疗的临床资料。病因为原发性心内膜炎 2 4例 ,人工心脏瓣膜感染性心内膜炎 4例。施行主动脉瓣置换术 2 0例 ,同期施行右冠状窦破裂自体心包修补和经主肺动脉缝闭未闭动脉导管各 2例 ;二尖瓣置换术 7例 ,其中4例行再次二尖瓣置换术 ;肺动脉瓣置换术 1例。　结果　术后早期死亡 2例 ,随访 2 6例 ,随访时间 3个月至 12年 ,1例术前合并肺部感染 ,术后 6个月因心内膜炎复发死亡 ,1例再次二尖瓣置换术后 2年出现瓣周漏。其余患者疗效良好。　结论　感染性心内膜炎早期诊断、正确选择手术时机、术中彻底清除病灶、合理矫正病变及良好的围术期处理是提高疗效的关键。