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Etomidate Combined with Sufentanil for Laryngeal Mask Airway Insertion under the General Anaesthesia

【摘要】　目的　观察依托咪酯乳剂复合舒芬太尼用于全麻下喉罩置入的血流动力学变化。　方法　选择2009年4月-2010年2月间，46例需全麻手术、适合使用喉罩，美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）Ⅰ～Ⅱ级，年龄18～60岁的患者，随机分为两组:依托咪酯乳剂组（E组）23 例，静脉推注咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg，依托咪酯乳剂0.3 mg/kg；依托咪酯乳剂+舒芬太尼组（ES组）23 例，静脉推注咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg，依托咪酯乳剂0.15 mg/kg，加舒芬太尼0.5 mg/kg，诱导后置入喉罩，记录患者诱导前、用药后1 min、喉罩置入后1 min的心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）以及评估喉罩置入条件的6项指标（张口困难分级、置入喉罩困难分级、舌咽反射、干咳干呕反射、肢动反应及喉痉挛分级），同时记录呼吸暂停时间。　结果　ES组能提供更好的喉罩置入条件，且能减少舌咽反射和肢体反应， 更能保证喉罩置入时血流动力学的稳定。　结论　依托咪酯乳剂复合舒芬太尼能为全麻喉罩置入时提供更好的条件，且能保证更好的血流动力学稳定。【Abstract】　Objective　To investigate the hemodynamics changes when etomidate combined with sufentanil was applied for laryngeal mask airway insertion under the general anaesthesia.　Methods　From April 2009 to February 2010, 46 patients requiring general anesthesia using laryngeal mask airway (LMA) (American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)Ⅰ-Ⅱ) aged 18-60 were randomly divided into two groups: 23 in etomidate emulsion group (group E) underwent the intravenous injection with midazolm (0.3 mg/kg) and etomidate (0.05 mg/kg); 23 in etomidate emulsion + sufentanil group (group ES) underwent the intravenous injection with etomidate (0.15 mg/kg), midazolm (0.05 mg/kg), and sufentanil 0.5 mg/kg. The patients were evaluated by six indexes of LMA insertion (mouth opening, swallowing reflex, cough reflex,vomiting reflex, body motion, and laryngospasm classification). After the anesthesia induction, LMA was inserted. The blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded before anesthesia induction one minute after the injection and one minute after LMA insertion. Meanwhile, the apnea time was recorded.　Results　Compared with group E, group ES offered better anesthesia for LMA insertion, less swallowing reflex and body motion, and more stable haemodynamics.　Conclusion　Etomidate combined with sufentanil provides good condition for LMA insertion under the general anaesthesia with steady haemodynamics.

改良弯接头连接喉罩全身麻醉在小儿纤维支气管镜检查中的应用

目的探讨改良螺纹管弯接头连接普通喉罩用于全身麻醉下小儿纤维支气管镜检查的有效性及安全性。 方法2012年11月－2013年8月行小儿纤维支气管镜检查的患儿36例，采用改良弯接头连接喉罩行七氟醚吸入全身麻醉下小儿纤维支气管镜检查。 结果36例患儿检查均顺利结束，检查中无检查中断发生，无组织损伤，无喉痉挛及支气管痉挛，无喉头水肿，无血氧饱和度降低至90%以下。 结论改良螺纹管弯接头连接喉罩用于小儿纤维支气管镜检查简单价廉，能有效保证氧供，尤其适用于基层医院开展。

The efficacy and safety of laryngeal mask versus endotracheal tubes for laparoscopic surgery: a meta-analysis

ObjectiveTo systematically review the efficacy and safety of laryngeal mask versus endotracheal tubes for laparoscopic surgery.MethodsPubMed, EMbase, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, WanFang Data and CBM databases were electronically searched to collect the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about the efficacy and safety of laryngeal mask versus endotracheal tubes for laparoscopic surgery from inception to April, 2017. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. Then meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.3 software.ResultsA total of 16 RCTs involving 1 593 patients were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that: there was no significant difference in the success rate of the first insertion (RR=0.99, 95%CI 0.96 to 1.02, P=0.55). The airway pressure of patients whose position were head higher than foot was significantly lower in the laryngeal mask group than in the tracheal intubation group (MD=–1.20, 95%CI –1.81 to –0.59, P=0.000 1), but there was no significant difference between two groups in reverse position patients (MD=0.48, 95%CI –0.90 to 1.87, P=0.49). The incidence of sore throat (RR=0.58, 95%CI 0.46 to 0.74, P<0.000 01), the incidence of blood stain (RR=0.48, 95%CI 0.30 to 0.77, P=0.002), the incidence of laryngeal spasm/bronchial spasm (OR=0.30, 95%CI 0.11 to 0.80, P=0.02) and the incidence of cough/hiccup (RR=0.10, 95%CI 0.07 to 0.15, P<0.000 01) in the laryngeal mask group were significantly lower than those in the tracheal intubation group.ConclusionThe current evidence shows that compared with tracheal intubation, laryngeal mask can effectively reduce airway pressure of patients whose position are head higher than foot. The risks of various complications are significant higher in tracheal intubation in laparoscopic surgery. Laryngeal mask can maintain patients' normal respiratory functions while reduce damage and do not increase the occurrence of reflux aspiration. Due to limited quantity and quality of the included studies, more high quality studies are needed to verify above conclusion.

食管引流型喉罩的临床应用进展

食管引流型喉罩又称为双管喉罩，为第三代喉罩。目前临床上广泛应用的食管引流型喉罩包括3种：Proseal喉罩，在Proseal喉罩基础上加以改进的Supreme喉罩以及无套囊的I-gel喉罩。食管引流型喉罩的主要特点为增加了一根对胃肠道起到密封和引流作用的引流管，并对通气罩进行了改进。因此食管引流型喉罩具备防止返流误吸的作用，并改善了通气功能。目前，食管引流型喉罩除了广泛应用于全身麻醉下成人、儿童的短小体表和四肢手术，还进一步应用到腹腔镜手术、腹部外科开放性手术、肥胖患者的手术、困难气管等领域。其应用的有效性和安全性大大提高, 将逐渐取代普通喉罩。本文就食管引流型喉罩的应用进展作一综述，便于临床医生更方便、更快捷的掌握食管引流型喉罩使用技术，并在临床上进一步推广。

妇科腹腔镜手术通气策略的研究进展

腹腔镜在妇科手术中已被广泛应用，于妇科腹腔镜手术的麻醉研究也相应增多，而二氧化碳气腹引起的相关不良反应（高碳酸血症、低氧血症、呼吸机相关性肺损伤、术后认知功能障碍等）并未引起麻醉医生的高度重视。该文通过综述近年来妇科腹腔镜手术中不同通气策略（不同吸入氧浓度、适当增加分钟通气量、针对肥胖患者的几种通气模式以及喉罩通气策略）对患者的影响，旨在为妇科腹腔镜手术乃至其他科室的腹腔镜手术麻醉管理提供参考依据。

喉罩-超短效麻醉药在小儿短小手术中的应用

【摘要】　目的　比较喉罩-七氟醚、雷米芬太尼与喉罩-丙泊酚、雷米芬太尼两种麻醉方法在小儿短小手术应用中的优缺点。　方法　2009年3-9月，将40例择期行斜疝手术或隐睾下降固定术的患儿，随机分为A、B组，各20例。A组施喉罩+七氟醚+雷米芬太尼，B组施喉罩+丙泊酚+雷米芬太尼。观察诱导时间、术中生命体征、苏醒时间、麻醉后恢复室（PACU）停留时间、围术期并发症。　结果　麻醉前两组患儿血压及心率无统计学差异，麻醉后B组各时点血压及心率明显低于麻醉前水平，且B组各时点血压及心率明显低于A组，A组血压及心率在麻醉前后比较无统计学差异。B组麻醉诱导时间明显短于A组。A组术后躁动发生率明显高于B组。　结论　与喉罩+丙泊酚+雷米芬太尼相比，喉罩+七氟醚+雷米芬太尼具有对全身影响小、麻醉平稳等特点，但麻醉诱导时间长，术后躁动发生率高。

Comparison of Laryngeal Tube Suction II and LMAProseal for Airway Management in Elective Surgery: Asystematic Review

摘要:目的:评价II代引流型喉管(LTS II)和Proseal喉罩(PLMA)在择期手术中应用效果。方法:检索了Cochrane图书馆(2009年第3期)、Pubmed(1950～2009)、EMBase(1989～2009)、CNKI(1979～2009)、VIP(1989～2009)、CBM(1978～2009)中相关II代引流型喉管(LTS II)和Proseal喉罩在择期手术中应用的随机对照试验(RCT),同时筛检纳入文献的参考文献。由2名研究者对文献质量进行严格评价和资料提取,根据指标相应异质性进行描述性分析或Meta分析(RevMan 5.0)。结果:共纳入3个RCT,共244例研究对象,文献质量均为B级。3个RCT的结果显示与PLMA相比,LTS II具有相似的首次置入成功率(P=0.45)、术毕即刻上呼吸道损伤发生率(P=1.00)、术后24 h咽痛发生率(P=0.81)、术后24 h吞咽困难发生率(P=0.12)。2个RCT的结果显示两组引流管置入均较容易。1个RCT的结果显示两组的操作者主观评价相近(OR=1.86,95%CI 0.39～ 8.99)。气道封闭效果由于采用方法学差异性较大,指标也不尽相同,尚不能得出准确结果。结论:LTS II在择期手术中用于气道管理具有较好的前景。但是现时仍不宜用于需在择期术中进行控制通气的病人。关于气道封闭效果,尚需采用更合理规范的指标、更高质量的研究设计进一步研究。Abstract: Objective: To assess the efficacy of laryngeal tube suction II (LTS II) and LMAProseal (PLMA) for airway management in elective surgery. Methods:We searched Cochrane Library (2009),Pubmed (19502009)、EMBase (19892009),CNKI (19792009),VIP (19892009),CBM (19782009). The quality of the trials was assessed by two reviewers independently. RevMan 5.0 software provided by the Cochrane Collaboration was used for statistical analysis. Results:Three studies involving 244 participants were included. Same rates of fist successful attempt (P=0.45),upper airway trauma (P=1.00),sore throat (P=0.81) and dysphagia (P=0.12) were observed in LTS II and PLMA in all studies. Two studies indicated that the insertion of gastric tube was easy in both groups. The similarity of subjective maneuverability in two groups was reported in one study (OR=1.86, 95%CI 0.39 to 8.99). The correct result of effectiveness of airway seal could not be made because of various methods and measurements. Conclusion:LTS II have a good perspective in the airway management. Otherwise, it is not safe for patient required control ventilation because of lack of evidence on the effectiveness of airway seal. More RCTs of high quality need to be undertaken in the future.

Application of Laryngeal Mask Combined with Sevoflurane in Painless Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy Anesthesia in Children

【摘要】 目的 比较喉罩和气管内插管吸入七氟烷全麻用于小儿无痛苦纤支镜检查的麻醉效果、苏醒时间、苏醒质量。 方法 将2008年3月-2009年3月40例行纤支镜检查的患儿随机分为喉罩组（L组，21例）和气管内插管组（T组，19例）。两组均采用逐渐诱导法吸入七氟烷，静脉给予芬太尼1 μg/kg；L组置入喉罩，T组气管插管后控制呼吸。手术中，两组均吸入2%～5%七氟烷维持麻醉。分别记录麻醉前（T0）、麻醉后纤支镜进入前（T1）、进镜至咽部（T2）、声门部（T3）、气管内（T4）及第15 min（T5）时的血压（BP）、心率（HR）、MAP和动脉血氧饱和度（SPO2）。观察纤支镜检查期间有无呛咳、气道痉挛或体动；记录停药至拔管的时间，苏醒后是否再入睡及麻醉满意度。 结果 两组HR在T1、T3、T4时升高，与T0时比较，有统计学意义（Plt;0.05）；其中HR在T1时T组高于L组，组间比较有统计学意义（Plt;0.05）；MAP在T1、T2、T3、T4时，T组低于L组，组间比较有统计学意义（Plt;0.05）。两组患儿镜检期间均无呛咳、气道痉挛或体动；L组苏醒时间短于T组（Plt;0.05），苏醒后再入睡率低于T组（Plt;0.05），麻醉满意度高于T组（Plt;0.05）。 结论 喉罩吸入七氟烷全麻用于小儿无痛苦纤支镜检查，能保证稳定的血流动力学状态，苏醒快速，效果满意。【Abstract】 Objective To assess the feasibility and safety of Laryngeal mask combined with sevoflurane in painless fiberoptic bronchoscopy anesthesia in children. Methods Forty children from March 2008 to March 2009 were randomized divided into laryngeal mask airway group (group L) and endotracheal intubation group (group T). Anaesthesia was induced and maintenanced with 2%-5% sevoflurane and fentanyl 1 μg/kg. The blood pressure (BR), heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation by pulse oximeter (SPO2)were recorded before anaesthesia (T0), immediately after anaesthesia induction (T1), when FOB at the level of pharynx(T2), vocal cords (T3), trachea (T4) and in 15 min of the FOB (T5). Extubation time, recovery quality and anesthesia effects were also analyzed. Results Compared with T0, there were significant increases in HR at T1、T3 and T4 (Plt;0.05), and HR was significantly higher in the group T than that in the group L at T1 (Plt;0.05). MAP was significantly lower in group T than that in group L at T1、T2、T3 and T4, respectively(Plt;0.05). Recovery time was significantly shorter in group L than that in group T. Incidence of sleep after recovery was lower in group L than that in group T. Anesthesia satisfaction was higher in the group L than that in the group T. Conclusions Laryngeal mask combined with Sevoflurane provide satisfactory anesthesia for painless fiberoptic bronchoscopy in children.

A comparative study of laryngeal mask and tracheal intubation anesthesia for "three-port" thymectomy without myasthenia

ObjectiveTo investigate the safety and feasibility of laryngeal mask general anesthesia as a replacement of tracheal intubation general anesthesia in the "three-port" thoracoscopic thymectomy via subxiphoid and subcostal arch for thymoma patients without myasthenia.MethodsFrom January 2018 to June 2019, clinical data of patients with thymoma who underwent the novel "three-port" operation in our institution were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups according to the anesthesia methods, including a tracheal intubation general anesthesia group and a laryngeal mask general anesthesia group. There were 70 patients in the tracheal intubation general anesthesia group, including 42 males and 28 females, with an average age of 45.83±15.89 years. There were 39 patients in the laryngeal mask general anesthesia group, including 26 males and 13 females, with an average age of 43.31±15.64 years. The clinical data of the two groups were compared.ResultsThe baseline characteristics of the patients in the two groups were well balanced (P>0.05). No massive bleeding, conversion to thoracotomy, postoperative myasthenia or death occurred in those patients. No patient with laryngeal mask anesthesia had a conversion to tracheal intubation anesthesia during the operation. There was no significant difference in the operation time, intraoperative bleeding, intraoperative maximum partial pressure of CO2, lowest partial pressure of oxygen and anesthesia effect score between the two groups (P>0.05). There was also no statistical difference in postoperative aspiration, gastrointestinal discomfort, length of hospital stay, pain score and patient satisfaction degree between the two groups (P>0.05). However, the anesthesia time before operation and the time of awake after anesthesia in the laryngeal mask anesthesia group were significantly shorter than those in the tracheal intubation general anesthesia group (P<0.05), and the incidence of transient arrhythmia, laryngeal discomfort and hoarseness in the laryngeal mask general anesthesia group was significantly lower than that in the tracheal intubation general anesthesia group (P<0.05).ConclusionThe "three-port" thoracoscopic thymectomy via subxiphoid and subcostal arch under laryngeal mask general anesthesia is safe and feasible in the treatment of thymoma without myasthenia, and can be recommended routinely.

SLIPATM 喉罩全身麻醉期间误吸致肺不张一例