睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征( SAHS) 是一种常见病症,临床上以阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征( OSAHS) 最为常见[1] 。1993 年一项基于社区人群的研究中, Young 等[2] 发现年龄介于30 ～60 岁的人群中, 以睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数( AHI) ≥5 次/h 定义的OSAHS在女性的患病率为9% ,在男性为24% , 2% 的女性和4% 的男性同时存在嗜睡症状。越来越多的证据表明睡眠呼吸暂停可导致许多并发症, 包括行为和躯体两方面。行为并发症包括日间嗜睡、注意力下降和神经心理异常, 而躯体并发症主要包括心脑血管疾病, 尤其是高血压[3, 4] 。OSAHS 是全身多个脏器功能损害的独立危险因素, 其中心血管并发症是主要死因[5] 。如何评价OSAHS 病情严重程度, 对患者的诊断、治疗及预后判断具有非常重要的意义。目前AHI 仍然是诊断OSAHS 的金标准,但其与靶器官损害的相关性存在诸多争议。
目的 观察独用内镜下手术以及联合等离子低温射频治疗外耳道乳头状瘤的疗效。 方法 2006年7月－2010年7月，随机将收治的45例外耳道乳头状瘤患者（150只耳）分组，比较独用内镜下手术组（A组）以及联合等离子低温射频组（B组）治疗外耳道乳头状瘤的疗效。 结果 患者均术后成功随访1～3年，48只患耳无复发及恶变，2只患耳3个月后复发。 结论 内镜下手术联合等离子低温射频治疗外耳道乳头状瘤具有微创，手术彻底有效，防止复发的优点，值得临床广泛应用。
In recent years, photon-counting computed tomography (PCD-CT) based on photon-counting detectors (PCDs) has become increasingly utilized in clinical practice. Compared with conventional CT, PCD-CT has the potential to achieve micron-level spatial resolution, lower radiation dose, negligible electronic noise, multi-energy imaging, and material identification, etc. This advancement facilitates the promotion of ultra-low dose scans in clinical scenarios, potentially detecting minimal and hidden lesions, thus significantly improving image quality. However, the current state of the art is limited and issues such as charge sharing, pulse pileup, K-escape and count rate drift remain unresolved. These issues could lead to a decrease in image resolution and energy resolution, while an increasing in image noise and ring artifact and so on. This article systematically reviewed the physical principles of PCD-CT, and outlined the structural differences between PCDs and energy integration detectors (EIDs), and the current challenges in the development of PCD-CT. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of three detector materials were analysed. Then, the clinical benefits of PCD-CT were presented through the clinical application of PCD-CT in the three diseases with the highest mortality rate in China (cardiovascular disease, tumour and respiratory disease). The overall aim of the article is to comprehensively assist medical professionals in understanding the technological innovations and current technical limitations of PCD-CT, while highlighting the urgent problems that PCD-CT needs to address in the coming years.
ObjectivesTo systematically review the efficacy and safety of palifermin on oral mucositis (OM) and acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD) for hematological malignancy patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).MethodsPubMed, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMbase, Clinicaltrials.gov, CNKI and WanFang Data databases were electronically searched to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of the efficacy of palifermin on OM and aGVHD for hematological malignancy patients undergoing HSCT from inception to September 30th, 2018. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of included studies, then, meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.3 software.ResultsA total of 7 RCTs involving 904 patients were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that: palifermin could reduce the duration of OM grade 2 to 4 (MD=−4.21, 95%CI −7.83 to −0.58, P=0.02), OM grade 3 to 4 (MD=−2.54, 95%CI −4.61 to −0.46, P=0.02) significantly for hematological malignancy patients undergoing HSCT. However, no significant difference was found in the prevalence of aGVHD grade 2 to 4 (RR=1.29, 95%CI 0.95 to 1.75, P=0.11), aGVHD grade 3 to 4 (RR=0.99, 95%CI 0.55 to 1.77, P=0.97), OM grade 2 to 4 (RR=0.86, 95%CI 0.72 to 1.03, P=0.11) and OM grade 3 to 4 (RR=0.82, 95%CI 0.65 to 1.03, P=0.08) between palifermin group and placebo group. The prevalence of paresthesia (RR=4.24, 95%CI 1.24 to 14.56, P=0.02) and erythema (RR=1.49, 95%CI 1.06 to 2.09, P=0.02) were significantly higher in palifermin group.ConclusionsThe durations of OM grade 2 to 4, 3 to 4 are significantly reduce in patients receiving palifermin compared with those receiving a placebo, however, no statistically significant difference are found in the incidence of aGVHD grade 2 to 4, 3 to 4, OM grade 2 to 4, 3 to 4. Parethesia and erythema are more prevalent among patients using palifermin. Therefore, advantages and disadvantages of palifermin should be considered when used in clinical.
目的：探讨5·12汶川地震致脊髓损伤患者神经源膀胱的康复治疗方法。方法：通过对35例脊髓损伤患者神经源膀胱康复治疗的总结回顾，观察采用制定饮水计划，间歇性导尿，药物治疗，膀胱功能训练，手术治疗等方法治疗神经源膀胱的疗效。结果：经过综合治疗，35例患者的神经源膀胱都得到了不同程度的改善。结论：地震致脊髓损伤发生率高，而神经源膀胱是其重大并发症之一，危害患者生命，重建脊髓损伤后患者的膀胱功能对于提高截瘫患者的生活质量，降低死亡率具有十分重要的意义。
In this study, we propose an automatic contour outlining method to measure the spatial resolution of homemade automatic tube current modulation (ATCM) phantom by outlining the edge contour of the phantom image, selecting the region of interest (ROI), and measuring the spatial resolution characteristics of computer tomography (CT) phantom image. Specifically, the method obtains a binarized image of the phantom outlined by an automated fast region convolutional neural network (AFRCNN) model, measures the edge spread function (ESF) of the CT phantom with different tube currents and layer thicknesses, and differentiates the ESF to obtain the line spread function (LSF). Finally, the values passing through the zeros are normalized by the Fourier transform to obtain the CT spatial resolution index (RI) for the automatic measurement of the modulation transfer function (MTF). In this study, this algorithm is compared with the algorithm that uses polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) to measure the MTF of the phantom edges to verify the feasibility of this method, and the results show that the AFRCNN model not only improves the efficiency and accuracy of the phantom contour outlining, but also is able to obtain a more accurate spatial resolution value through automated segmentation. In summary, the algorithm proposed in this study is accurate in spatial resolution measurement of phantom images and has the potential to be widely used in real clinical CT images.