Objective We aimed to determine the efficacy and complication of sevoflurane maintenance in children. Methods Trials were collected through electronic searches of MEDLINE, EBSCO, OVID, Springer, Foreign Journals Integration System, CNKI, and CMBdisk (from the date of building the database to April 2008). We also checked the bibliographies of retrieved articles. Results A total of 20 trials involving 1 592 patients were included. The Metaanalysis showed: ① Recovery time: sevoflurane was similar with propofol [WMD=0.22, 95%CI (–2.86, 3.30)], but slower than desflurane [WMD=5.01, 95%CI (2.87, 7.16)], and faster than isoflurane [WMD= –0.55, 95%CI (– 0.74, –0.37)]; ② Discharge time: sevoflurane was similar with propofol [WMD= –4.39, 95%CI (–10.02, 1.25)], desflurane[WMD=1.13, 95%CI (–3.25, 5.51)], and isoflurane [WMD= –8.17, 95%CI (–17.94, 1.60)]; ③ Postoperative agitation: sevoflurane was much more obvious than propofol [RR=5.53, 95%CI (2.99, 10.21)], but superior than desflurane [RR=0.55, 95%CI (0.35, 0.88)], and similar with isoflurane [RR=1.24, 95%CI (0.85, 1.800]; ④ Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV): sevoflurane was much more severe than propofol [RR=2.17, 95%CI (1.21, 3.90)], and no difference with desflurane [RR=0.88, 95%CI (0.61, 1.25)]; ⑤ Oculocardiac reflex: sevoflurane was less than propofol [RD= – 0.42, 95%CI (–0.56, –0.27)], and no difference with desflurane [RR=0.93, 95%CI (0.61, 1.41)]. Conclusion The limited current evidence shows no difference between sevoflurane and propofol in recovery time, while the effect of sevoflurane is faster than isoflurane and slower than desflurane. There are no differences among sevoflurane, desflurane, isoflurane, and propofol in discharge time. The incidence of postoperative agitation of sevoflurane is higher than that of propofol, but lower than that of other inhaled anesthetics. The incidence of PONV of sevoflurane is higher than that of propofol. The incidence of oculocardiac reflex of sevoflurane is lower than that of propofol and similar with that of desflurane.
ObjectiveTo review the characteristics of registered industry-sponsored clinical trials of pediatric drugs and vaccines in China and to provide references for promoting the development of new pediatric drugs. MethodsWe searched ClinicalTrials.gov and the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry for completed registered industry-sponsored clinical trials of pediatric drugs and vaccines from the database inception to September 11, 2022. Data including the date the trial was first posted, product type (drug or vaccine), sample size, and other information to describe the general characteristics of pediatric clinical trials were collected. The studies were divided into 2 phases based on the trial posted date, 2005―2010 and 2011―2022, reflecting the enactment of pediatric drug clinical trial policies in recent years. The quality of trial registration and the main characteristics of interventional trials in the 2 phases were then compared. Exploring the results attached to industry and non-industry sponsored clinical trials. ResultsData for 145 trials were collected, and the largest proportion (63.4%) involved vaccines. Randomized control trial (RCT) was the study type with the highest percentage (68.3%). The average report completion rate for registered interventional trials was 81.0%. Compared with 2005―2010, the percentage of average report completions, pediatric drug clinical studies, multicenter, RCTs, and double-blinded registered trials increased in 2011―2022. The proportion of positive outcomes in pediatric clinical trials sponsored by industries was higher than those sponsored by non-industry. ConclusionThe majority of completed pediatric clinical trials sponsored by industries are for vaccines, in line with the promotion of pediatric policies. The quality of trial registration has improved, but not significantly, and some characteristics of trial design have changed. The proportion of positive outcomes in pediatric clinical trials sponsored by industries is higher. And further promotion of pediatric clinical trials is needed.
目的:了解本地区小儿败血症的病原菌种类、不同病原菌在各年龄段的分布情况及主要病原菌药物敏感状况,为指导临床诊断及合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法:对本院儿科近3年经血培养分离出的310株阳性菌株的构成比及对抗生素的药物敏感状况进行回顾性分析。结果:310株检出菌中G+菌201株占64.8%;G杆菌106株占34.2%;前5位病原菌依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)、沙门菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌(简称金葡菌)、链球菌属,分别占40.97%、21.61%、6.45%、4.51%、4.19%;新生儿败血症病原菌以CNS为主 (101株),其次为大肠埃希菌、肠球菌、克雷伯氏菌;6个月内小婴儿败血症致病菌与新生儿近似;婴幼儿各种细菌败血症均有发生;学龄前及学龄期儿童败血症病原菌依次为沙门菌、链球菌、金葡菌;药敏结果显示,大多数G+菌对青霉素、红霉素、苯唑西林、氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、头孢他啶、复方新诺明、庆大霉素耐药率超过60%;对万古霉素、利福平、阿米卡星、头孢西丁、喹诺酮类敏感。G杆菌中沙门菌对亚胺培南、氨曲南、三代头孢菌素、酶抑制剂复方制剂、喹诺酮类、复方新诺明保持高度敏感;大肠埃希菌多重耐药,对氨苄西林、哌拉西林、复方新诺明耐药率超过80%,对氨曲南、环丙沙星、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、头孢吡肟、头孢噻肟耐药率超过50%;其他G杆菌大多数对亚胺培南、呋南妥因、阿米卡星、奎诺酮类、头孢西丁敏感,酶抑制复合制剂的敏感率明显提高。结论:(1)CNS是新生儿及小婴儿败血症的主要病原菌,低毒力条件致病菌在该阶段小儿中感染率高;沙门菌是本地区近三年学龄期儿童败血症的主要病原菌,其感染呈逐年下降趋势。(2)不同病原菌的药敏状况差异很大,应高度重视感染病例的病原学检查,以利于制定临床抗感染方案,合理使用抗生素。(3)万古霉素、利福平、亚胺培南、氨曲南、第3代头孢菌素、阿米卡星及喹诺酮类目前仍为敏感抗生素。
As a novel analgesic method, erector spinae plane block is increasingly widely used during perioperative period. This technique mainly injects local anesthetic drugs into the connective tissue between the deep fascia of the erector muscle and the transverse process of the vertebral body to achieve a blocking effect. Its role in postoperative analgesia in adult patients has been verified. Currently, case reports have shown that it also has a certain analgesic effect in pediatric patients, which can reduce postoperative pain scores and opioid consumption. Therefore, this article explores the application of erector spinae plane block in pediatric patients from various aspects, summarizes existing research results, and aims to provide more evidence for clinicians to reasonably use this block technique in the pediatric population.
ObjectiveTo explore the appropriate intervention measures to reduce the influence of drug repercussion by pediatric hospital inpatients on nursing work. MethodBetween March 1st and 28th, 2014, statistical analysis on the characteristics of pediatric drug-return by drug repercussion questionnaires was carried out. ResultsEach drug repercussion took much time of the nurses (median of 5.00 minutes per time). The frequency of drug repercussion in the internal medicine department was more than that in the surgical department; the most drug repercussions were found in the respiratory medicine department, reaching 26.84%. The main category of drug repercussion was aerosolized medication (39.32%). The drug repercussion mainly resulted from lack of patients' education and doctor-related administration, which had a proportion of 31.44% and 27.19%, respectively. ConclusionsThe wards which have more drug repercussions should be under the supervision according to the analysis of drug repercussion. Meanwhile, improving patients' education and training of medical staff can reduce the pediatric hospital inpatients' drug repercussion and also may reduce the bad effects on nursing work.
ObjectiveTo analyze the perdictive value of Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Pediatrics (STAMP) for malnutrition or postoperative complications in children with critical congenital heart disease (CHD).MethodsA total of 875 children with critical CHD who were hospitalized in West China Hospital, Sichuan University form August 2019 to February 2021, including 442 males and 433 females with a median age of 30 (12, 48) months, were assessed by STAMP in Health Information System. Clinical data of postoperative complications were collected.Results(1) Based on World Health Organization Z-score as gold standard, 24.5% had malnutrition risk, and 34.3% were diagnosed with malnutrition. According to STAMP, the children were with medium malnutrition risk of 37.9% and high malnutrition risk of 62.1%. There was a statistical difference of incidence rate of malnutrition and detection rate of STAMP malnutrition risk in gender, age, ICU stay or length of mechanical ventilation (P<0.05); (2) with the optimal cut-off point of 5.5 in STAMP for malnutrition, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and area under the curve (AUC) were 68.3%, 84.3%, 48.1%, 88.3% and 0.82, respectively; (3) 12.0% of the children were with postoperative complications; (4) with the optimal cut-off point of 5.5 in STAMP for postoperative complications, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and AUC were 83.8%, 73.1%, 18.8%, 99.1% and 0.85, respectively.ConclusionChildren with critical CHD have a higher incidence of malnutrition risk and postoperative complications. STAMP has a good perdictive value for malnutrition or postoperative complications, however, the sensitivity and specificity of STAMP are affected by the gold standard or the cut-off point.