ObjectiveTo understand current research progress of microRNA (miRNA) in pathogenesis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), and to provide reference for understanding pathogenesis and treatment of TNBC.MethodTheresearch progress of relationship of TNBC and miRNA was reviewed by reading relevant literatures at home and abroad in recent years.ResultsThe miRNAs were involved in a variety of biological processes, including the cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, differentiation, metastasis, etc., and played an important role in the cancer initiation and metastasis. Therefore, researchers had attempted to treat and prevent the TNBC by targeting miRNAs. At present, there had been a large number of reports that the miRNAs played a key role in TNBC, which were classified as the anti-oncogene and oncogene, and was associated with metastasis and prognosis of TNBC.ConclusionmiRNA is very important in pathogenesis of TNBC. Mechanism of studying miRNA is necessary for treatment and prevention of TNBC.
Objective To systematically evaluate expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and analyze its correlation between positive expression of VEGF protein and clinicopathologic features of patient with TNBC. Methods The published literatures relevant VEGF protein expression in TNBC and its relation to clinicopathologic features of patient with TNBC in China were retrieved by means of CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, China Biomedical, Chaoxing Medalink, PubMed databases, and other search tools. The literatures were independently filtered, extracted, and assessed by two reviewers according to the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. The meta-analysis was conducted by using RevMan 5.3 software. Results A total of 11 literatures were included and involved 1 838 patients (750 patients in the TNBC group and 1 088 patients in the non-TNBC group). The results of meta-nalysis showed that the positive expression of VEGF protein in the TNBC group was significantly higher than that in the non-TNBC group 〔OR=2.64, 95%CI (2.14, 3.26), P<0.000 01〕 , which was significantly increased in the TNBC patients with positive lymph node or stage Ⅲ–Ⅳ as compared with the negative lymph node or stage Ⅰ–Ⅱ 〔OR=0.30, 95% CI (0.14, 0.46), P=0.000 2; OR=0.43, 95% CI (0.29, 0.62), P<0.000 01〕 . However, the positive expression of VEGF protein was no associated with the age of patients with TNBC or tumor size (P>0.05). Conclusions VEGF highly expresses in TNBC and it is expected to be a new therapeutic target. Positive expression of VEGF protein is related to positive lymph node and late TNM stage, and it might be associated with prognosis of patient with TNBC.
Objective To summarize the research progress of immunotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Method Literatures about immunotherapy for metastatic breast cancer were reviewed by searching the literatures in domestic and foreign database. Results In recent years, immunotherapy had been initially attempted in patients with metastatic breast cancer and showed its unique value. It provided a new way to improve the therapeutic effect and prolong the survival time of patients with metastatic breast cancer. ConclusionsImmunotherapy is the most effective in triple-negative metastatic breast cancers. The immuno-oncology needs to be developed to improve the clinical benefits of immunotherapy for breast cancer.
ObjectiveTo summarize research progress of comprehensive treatment based on gene therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy in recent years in order to improve understanding and treatment level of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC).MethodThe literatures about TNBC treatment in recent 5 years were reviewed and summarized.ResultsTNBC was more invasive than other types of breast cancer due to its lack of targeted receptors, and its recurrence and metastasis were earlier. The treatment plan was still mainly surgical treatment, supplemented by the chemotherapy and radiotherapy.ConclusionsAlthough recent studies of TNBC in surgical treatment, chemoradiotherapy, targeted therapy and other aspects have shown a good clinical application prospect, more evidences of clinical trials with large samples are still needed. With the deepening of molecular mechanism research, endocrine therapy and targeted drug therapy, including androgen-receptor-positive, have provided some new ideas for treatment of TNBC.
Breast cancer is a malignancy with the highest incidence and mortality rate among women in the world. The current treatment methods include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, endocrine therapy and targeted therapy. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has high manignant behavior and poor prognosis, lacks specific treatment targets, thus resulting in few effective treatment modalities. The emergence of immunotherapy has provided hopes for TNBC. The efficacy of immunocheckpoint inhibitors in neoadjuvant treatment of early TNBC and first-line treatment of programmed death-ligand 1 positive metastatic TNBC. Therefore, this article reviews the researches of immunocheckpoint inhibitors in the treatment of early and advanced breast cancer.
ObjectiveTo summarize the research progress of Hippo signaling pathway in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). MethodLiteratures about studies the role of Hippo signaling pathway in cancer stem cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, tumorigenesis and development, distant metastasis, treatment resistance, and treatment strategies were retrieved. ResultsIn TNBC, overexpression of Yes-associated protein and PDZ-binding motif could promote the development of tumor stem cells, induce epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of TNBC cells, and promote tumor development, distant metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance. ConclusionHippo/Yes-associated protein axis plays an important role in carcinogenesis and progression of TNBC, and targeting Hippo signaling pathway might be a potential therapeutic target for TNBC.
ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of extranodal extension of axillary lymph nodes metastasis on the prognosis of patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). MethodsThe TNBC patients with axillary lymph node metastasis admitted to the Nanyang Central Hospital from January 2017 to January 2019 were collected. The clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of TNBC patients with or without extranodal extension were analyzed and compared, and the factors affecting prognosis were analyzed. ResultsA total of 216 patients were included, including 123 patients without extranodal extension and 93 patients with extranodal extension. Compared with the patients without extranodal extension, the proportions of the patients with histological grade Ⅲ, 10 or more metastatic lymph nodes, and 5 cm or greater tumor diameter were higher in the patients with extranodal extension (P<0.05). The results of multivariate analysis showed that the 10 or more metastatic lymph nodes was the risk factor affecting the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of the TNBC patients (P<0.05), and the histological grade Ⅲ and lower human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) expression were the risk factors affecting the OS of the TNBC patients (P<0.05), as well as the extranodal extension was the risk factor affecting the DFS of the TNBC patients (P<0.05). The 5-year cumulative disease-free survival rate of the patients with extranodal extension was worse than that of the patients without extranodal extension (70.2% vs. 83.3%, χ2=6.934, P=0.008). The 5-year cumulative overall survival rate had no statistically significant difference between the them (75.3% vs. 82.1%, χ2=1.969, P=0.161). ConclusionsFrom the results of this study, the prognosis of TNBC patients with extranodal extension is worse. Especially the patients with histological grade Ⅲ, 10 or more metastatic lymph nodes, and with lower HER-2 expression should be paid attention.
ObjectiveTo investigate the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and its relation with clinicopathologic features. MethodsA computer search of PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP databases were conducted to select clinical studies on EGFR expression in the TNBC according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the search period was from database establishment to January 2022. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted the data, and evaluated the quality of the literature before conducting meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4 software. ResultsA total of 28 studies including 7 956 patients were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that the positive rate of EGFR expression in the TNBC patients was higher than that in the non-TNBC patients [OR=5.16, 95%CI (4.04, 6.58), P<0.000 01], and the proportions of patients with axillary lymph node metastasis [OR=3.11, 95%CI (1.56, 6.19), P=0.001] and with tumor diameter >2 cm [OR=2.09, 95%CI (1.18, 3.72), P=0.01] in the patients with EGFR positive were higher than those the patients with EGFR negative, no correlation was found that the proportion of patients with histological WHO classification 3 between the patients with EGFR positive expression and EGFR negative expression (P=0.07). ConclusionFrom the results of this meta-analysis, EGFR expression might be associated with the occurrence, development, and metastasis of patients with TNBC.