Research on a portable electrical impedance tomography system for evaluating blood compatibility of biomaterials_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

PENG Piao ^1,2 , CHENG Huaihao ² , CHE Bo ² , LI Xuan ² , FAN Chunjian ² , LIU Lei ^2,3 , LUO Teng ^2,3 ,  DENG Linhong ^2,3

1. College of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, P. R. China;
2. Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, P. R. China;
3. College of Medical and Health Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

DENG Linhong, Email: dlh@cczu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Biomaterials; Blood compatibility; Electrical impedance tomography; Hemolysis; Coagulation

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.202410058

Video：

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The evaluation of blood compatibility of biomaterials is crucial for ensuring the clinical safety of implantable medical devices. To address the limitations of traditional testing methods in real-time monitoring and electrical property analysis, this study developed a portable electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system. The system uses a 16-electrode design, operates within a frequency range of 1 to 500 kHz, achieves a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 69.54 dB at 50 kHz, and has a data collection speed of 20 frames per second. Experimental results show that the EIT system developed in this study is highly consistent with a microplate reader (R²=0.97) in detecting the hemolytic behavior of industrial-grade titanium (TA3) and titanium alloy—titanium 6 aluminum 4 vanadium (TC4) in anticoagulated bovine blood. Additionally, with the support of a multimodal image fusion Gauss-Newton one-step iterative algorithm, the system can accurately locate and monitor in real-time the dynamic changes in blood permeation and coagulation caused by TC4 in vivo. In conclusion, the EIT system developed in this study provides a new and effective method for evaluating the blood compatibility of biomaterials.

1.	Cai Z, Du P, Li K, et al. A review of the development of titanium-based and magnesium-based metallic glasses in the field of biomedical materials. Materials, 2024, 17(18): 4587.
2.	Gopal L, Sudarshan T. Surface engineering in artificial heart valves. Surface Engineering, 2023, 39(4): 387-391.
3.	Karunakaran R, Russell C S, Tamayol A, et al. Biological response guided by hybrid additive manufacturing for Ti6Al4V titanium alloy. Manufacturing Letters, 2024, 41: 955-958.
4.	Manivasagam V K, Popat K C. Improved hemocompatibility on superhemophobic micro–nano-structured titanium surfaces. Bioengineering, 2022, 10(1): 43.
5.	Lingaraju K, Basavaraj R B, Jayanna K, et al. Biocompatible fabrication of TiO2 nanoparticles: antimicrobial, anticoagulant, antiplatelet, direct hemolytic and cytotoxicity properties. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 2021, 127: 108505.
6.	Chen J, Xu J L, Huang J, et al. Formation mechanism and hemocompatibility of the superhydrophobic surface on biomedical Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Journal of Materials Science, 2021, 56: 7698-7709.
7.	Ren W, Ji B, Kuang Z, et al. Based analytical device for fast colorimetric detection of total hemoglobin and free hemoglobin from human blood sample. Microchemical Journal, 2023, 187: 108380.
8.	Azhar M, Galgalkar S, Chakraborty I, et al. Hemolysis detection in sub-microliter volumes of blood plasma. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 2019, 67(5): 1243-1252.
9.	Willrich M A V, Braun K M P, Moyer A M, et al. Complement testing in the clinical laboratory. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2021, 58(7): 447-478.
10.	Favaloro E J, Pasalic L. Innovative diagnostic solutions in hemostasis. Diagnostics, 2024, 14(22): 2521.
11.	Song J, Li N, Li R, et al. Clinical value of coagulation function indicators in children with severe pneumonia. International Journal of General Medicine, 2024, 17: 4659-4668.
12.	Chandler E, Kakkar N, Kaur R. Comparison of rapid centrifugation technique with conventional centrifugation for prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) testing. Indian Journal of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, 2019, 35(1): 161-166.
13.	Yang R X, Qiu S J, Song W J, et al. Effects of centrifugation prior to pneumatic tube system transport on routine biochemical and immunological tests of susceptibility to hemolysis. Clinica Chimica Acta, 2023, 541: 117242.
14.	Mohammadi Aria M, Erten A, Yalcin O. Technology advancements in blood coagulation measurements for point-of-care diagnostic testing. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2019, 7: 395.
15.	Aini V Q, Widodo C S, Retnaningtyas E. Bioelectrical insight: correlation cell count and electrical impedance of whole blood throughout storage with an impedance analyzer methode. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 2024, 10(8): 5968-5975.
16.	Tran A K, Sapkota A, Wen J, et al. Linear relationship between cytoplasm resistance and hemoglobin in red blood cell hemolysis by electrical impedance spectroscopy & eight-parameter equivalent circuit. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2018, 119: 103-109.
17.	Jahanbani A, Goodarzi M, Sajjadi Dezfouli S M, et al. A novel anticoagulation method based on electrochemical characteristics of blood: an in vitro study. Blood Purification, 2023, 52(2): 122-131.
18.	Sifuna M W, Koishi M, Uemura T, et al. Connector sensors for permittivity-based thrombus monitoring in extracorporeal life support. Journal of Artificial Organs, 2021, 24(1): 15-21.
19.	Van Buren T, Arwatz G, Smits A J. A simple method to monitor hemolysis in real time. Scientific Reports, 2020, 10(1): 5101.
20.	von Petersdorff-Campen K, Schmid Daners M. Hemolysis testing in vitro: a review of challenges and potential improvements. ASAIO Journal, 2022, 68(1): 3-13.
21.	Girzelska J, Gołąbek M, Oleszek M, et al. Developing a diagnostic system: combining ultrasound and electrical impedance tomography for enhanced urinary tract analysis. Journal of Modern Science, 2024, 57(3): 652-667.
22.	佘林君, 周睿, 潘盼, 等. 电阻抗断层成像技术在肺灌注中的研究进展. 生物医学工程学杂志, 2023, 40(6): 1249-1254.
23.	赵明康, 刘珺, 郭忠圣, 等. 结合生成对抗网络的电阻抗断层成像技术在肺通气监测中的应用. 生物医学工程学杂志, 2024, 41(1): 105-113.
24.	Ihsan M F, Kawashima D, Li S, et al. Non-invasive hERG channel screening based on electrical impedance tomography and extracellular voltage activation (EIT–EVA). Lab on a Chip, 2024, 24(12): 3183-3190.
25.	Weiz S M, Jha P, Lee K, et al. Single-cell impedance tomography using rolled-up microtubular sensors. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2023, 8(23): 2300724.
26.	Creegan A, Nielsen P M F, Tawhai M H. A novel two-dimensional phantom for electrical impedance tomography using 3D printing. Scientific Reports, 2024, 14(1): 2115.
27.	Kim K, Hong J H, Bae K, et al. Extremely durable electrical impedance tomography-based soft and ultrathin wearable e-skin for three-dimensional tactile interfaces. Science Advances, 2024, 10(38): eadr1099.
28.	Chen H, Yao J, Yang L, et al. Development of a portable electrical impedance tomography device for online thrombus detection in extracorporeal-circulation equipment. IEEE Sensors Journal, 2020, 21(3): 3653-3659.
29.	Okamura L H T, Costa L H, Duran G C, et al. Thorax and internal organs boundary geometries determination using convolutional neural networks in electrical impedance tomography. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 2024, 136: 108918.
30.	Adler A, Lionheart W R B. Uses and abuses of EIDORS: an extensible software base for EIT. Physiological Measurement, 2006, 27(5): S25.
31.	Ghorbani R, Nahvi M. Analysis of performance of Howland AC current source for electrical impedance spectro-tomography. Sensing and Imaging, 2019, 20(1): 28.
32.	Tang G, Liu S L, Wang D M, et al. Finite element analysis in femoral fixation with TA3 titanium compressioll plate. Advanced Materials Research, 2013, 647: 16-19.
33.	Pei X, Wang L, Zhou C, et al. Ti6Al4V orthopedic implant with biomimetic heterogeneous structure via 3D printing for improving osteogenesis. Materials & Design, 2022, 221: 110964.
34.	Ding L, Goshtasby A. On the Canny edge detector. Pattern Recognition, 2001, 34(3): 721-725.
35.	Fortune S. Voronoi diagrams and Delaunay triangulations//Goodman J E, O'Rourke J. Handbook of Discrete and Computational Geometry. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2017: 705-721.

1. Cai Z, Du P, Li K, et al. A review of the development of titanium-based and magnesium-based metallic glasses in the field of biomedical materials. Materials, 2024, 17(18): 4587.
2. Gopal L, Sudarshan T. Surface engineering in artificial heart valves. Surface Engineering, 2023, 39(4): 387-391.
3. Karunakaran R, Russell C S, Tamayol A, et al. Biological response guided by hybrid additive manufacturing for Ti6Al4V titanium alloy. Manufacturing Letters, 2024, 41: 955-958.
4. Manivasagam V K, Popat K C. Improved hemocompatibility on superhemophobic micro–nano-structured titanium surfaces. Bioengineering, 2022, 10(1): 43.
5. Lingaraju K, Basavaraj R B, Jayanna K, et al. Biocompatible fabrication of TiO2 nanoparticles: antimicrobial, anticoagulant, antiplatelet, direct hemolytic and cytotoxicity properties. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 2021, 127: 108505.
6. Chen J, Xu J L, Huang J, et al. Formation mechanism and hemocompatibility of the superhydrophobic surface on biomedical Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Journal of Materials Science, 2021, 56: 7698-7709.
7. Ren W, Ji B, Kuang Z, et al. Based analytical device for fast colorimetric detection of total hemoglobin and free hemoglobin from human blood sample. Microchemical Journal, 2023, 187: 108380.
8. Azhar M, Galgalkar S, Chakraborty I, et al. Hemolysis detection in sub-microliter volumes of blood plasma. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 2019, 67(5): 1243-1252.
9. Willrich M A V, Braun K M P, Moyer A M, et al. Complement testing in the clinical laboratory. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2021, 58(7): 447-478.
10. Favaloro E J, Pasalic L. Innovative diagnostic solutions in hemostasis. Diagnostics, 2024, 14(22): 2521.
11. Song J, Li N, Li R, et al. Clinical value of coagulation function indicators in children with severe pneumonia. International Journal of General Medicine, 2024, 17: 4659-4668.
12. Chandler E, Kakkar N, Kaur R. Comparison of rapid centrifugation technique with conventional centrifugation for prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) testing. Indian Journal of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, 2019, 35(1): 161-166.
13. Yang R X, Qiu S J, Song W J, et al. Effects of centrifugation prior to pneumatic tube system transport on routine biochemical and immunological tests of susceptibility to hemolysis. Clinica Chimica Acta, 2023, 541: 117242.
14. Mohammadi Aria M, Erten A, Yalcin O. Technology advancements in blood coagulation measurements for point-of-care diagnostic testing. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2019, 7: 395.
15. Aini V Q, Widodo C S, Retnaningtyas E. Bioelectrical insight: correlation cell count and electrical impedance of whole blood throughout storage with an impedance analyzer methode. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 2024, 10(8): 5968-5975.
16. Tran A K, Sapkota A, Wen J, et al. Linear relationship between cytoplasm resistance and hemoglobin in red blood cell hemolysis by electrical impedance spectroscopy & eight-parameter equivalent circuit. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2018, 119: 103-109.
17. Jahanbani A, Goodarzi M, Sajjadi Dezfouli S M, et al. A novel anticoagulation method based on electrochemical characteristics of blood: an in vitro study. Blood Purification, 2023, 52(2): 122-131.
18. Sifuna M W, Koishi M, Uemura T, et al. Connector sensors for permittivity-based thrombus monitoring in extracorporeal life support. Journal of Artificial Organs, 2021, 24(1): 15-21.
19. Van Buren T, Arwatz G, Smits A J. A simple method to monitor hemolysis in real time. Scientific Reports, 2020, 10(1): 5101.
20. von Petersdorff-Campen K, Schmid Daners M. Hemolysis testing in vitro: a review of challenges and potential improvements. ASAIO Journal, 2022, 68(1): 3-13.
21. Girzelska J, Gołąbek M, Oleszek M, et al. Developing a diagnostic system: combining ultrasound and electrical impedance tomography for enhanced urinary tract analysis. Journal of Modern Science, 2024, 57(3): 652-667.
22. 佘林君, 周睿, 潘盼, 等. 电阻抗断层成像技术在肺灌注中的研究进展. 生物医学工程学杂志, 2023, 40(6): 1249-1254.
23. 赵明康, 刘珺, 郭忠圣, 等. 结合生成对抗网络的电阻抗断层成像技术在肺通气监测中的应用. 生物医学工程学杂志, 2024, 41(1): 105-113.
24. Ihsan M F, Kawashima D, Li S, et al. Non-invasive hERG channel screening based on electrical impedance tomography and extracellular voltage activation (EIT–EVA). Lab on a Chip, 2024, 24(12): 3183-3190.
25. Weiz S M, Jha P, Lee K, et al. Single-cell impedance tomography using rolled-up microtubular sensors. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2023, 8(23): 2300724.
26. Creegan A, Nielsen P M F, Tawhai M H. A novel two-dimensional phantom for electrical impedance tomography using 3D printing. Scientific Reports, 2024, 14(1): 2115.
27. Kim K, Hong J H, Bae K, et al. Extremely durable electrical impedance tomography-based soft and ultrathin wearable e-skin for three-dimensional tactile interfaces. Science Advances, 2024, 10(38): eadr1099.
28. Chen H, Yao J, Yang L, et al. Development of a portable electrical impedance tomography device for online thrombus detection in extracorporeal-circulation equipment. IEEE Sensors Journal, 2020, 21(3): 3653-3659.
29. Okamura L H T, Costa L H, Duran G C, et al. Thorax and internal organs boundary geometries determination using convolutional neural networks in electrical impedance tomography. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 2024, 136: 108918.
30. Adler A, Lionheart W R B. Uses and abuses of EIDORS: an extensible software base for EIT. Physiological Measurement, 2006, 27(5): S25.
31. Ghorbani R, Nahvi M. Analysis of performance of Howland AC current source for electrical impedance spectro-tomography. Sensing and Imaging, 2019, 20(1): 28.
32. Tang G, Liu S L, Wang D M, et al. Finite element analysis in femoral fixation with TA3 titanium compressioll plate. Advanced Materials Research, 2013, 647: 16-19.
33. Pei X, Wang L, Zhou C, et al. Ti6Al4V orthopedic implant with biomimetic heterogeneous structure via 3D printing for improving osteogenesis. Materials & Design, 2022, 221: 110964.
34. Ding L, Goshtasby A. On the Canny edge detector. Pattern Recognition, 2001, 34(3): 721-725.
35. Fortune S. Voronoi diagrams and Delaunay triangulations//Goodman J E, O'Rourke J. Handbook of Discrete and Computational Geometry. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2017: 705-721.

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